{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:33:44Z","timestamp":1787243624313,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is a complicated physiological process that contributes to a variety of disorders including osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Endocannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) play a pivotal role in the physiological response to pain and inflammation. A clinical study to investigate the role of the endocannabinoid system and related lipids in pain and inflammation in OA and RA was performed. In total, 80 subjects, namely, 25 patients with RA, 18 with OA, and 37 healthy participants, were included. Sixteen endocannabinoids and congeners, as well as 129 oxylipins, were quantified in plasma using specific, quantitative LC-MS\/MS assays. The endocannabinoid analysis revealed significantly lower levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in RA and OA patients compared to healthy participants. In contrast, the EC levels of the ethanolamide group (anandamide, docosahexaenoyl-EA, palmitoleoyl-EA, and other ethanolamides) were higher in the RA study cohort and to a lesser extent also in the OA cohort. This analysis of oxylipins revealed lower levels of the pro-resolving lipid 9-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (9-oxoODE) and the \u03c9-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in RA compared to all other study cohorts. 2-AG is a key regulator of nociception and inflammation, and its relatively low levels might be a mechanistic contributor to residual pain and inflammation in RA and OA. Several changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators were detected, including lower levels of EPA and DHA in RA, which might reveal the potential for nutritional supplementation with these anti-inflammatory fatty acids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T09:51:22Z","timestamp":1750067482000},"page":"5707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Endocannabinoid Tone and Oxylipins in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis\u2014A Novel Target for the Treatment of Pain and Inflammation?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jost","family":"Klawitter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Clauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Klawitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Tompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8095-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Sempio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1371-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan L.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Christians","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry W.","family":"Moreland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080183","article-title":"Acute monoarthritis: What is the cause of my patient\u2019s painful swollen joint?","volume":"180","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.H., Tsou, H.K., Kao, S.L., Gau, S.Y., Bai, Y.C., Lin, M.C., and Wei, J.C. 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