{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:13:39Z","timestamp":1786371219030,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]],"date-time":"2025-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID, Chile, Project Fondecyt Initiation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11220147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11220147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID, Chile, Project Fondecyt Initiation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["698106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["698106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID, Chile, Project Fondecyt Initiation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["399564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["399564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID, Chile, Project Fondecyt Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11220147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11220147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID, Chile, Project Fondecyt Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["698106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["698106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"ANID, Chile, Project Fondecyt Regular","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["399564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["399564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) significantly increase morbidity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. In this study, we examined clinical and genetic factors associated with EIMs in 414 Latin IBD patients, utilizing machine learning for predictive modeling. In our IBD group (314 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 100 Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) patients), EIM presence was assessed. Clinical differences between patients with and without EIMs were analyzed using Chi-square and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests. Based on the genetic data of 232 patients, we identified variants linked to EIMs, and the polygenic risk score (PRS) was calculated. A machine learning approach based on logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting (GB) models was employed for predicting EIMs. EIMs were present in 29% (120\/414) of patients. EIM patients were older (52 vs. 45 years, p = 0.01) and were more likely to have a family history of IBD (p = 0.02) or use anti-TNF therapy (p = 0.01). EIMs were more common in patients with CD than in those with UC without reaching statistical significance (p = 0.06). Four genetic variants were associated with EIM risk (rs9936833, rs4410871, rs3132680, and rs3823417). While the PRS showed limited predictive power (AUC = 0.69), the LR, GB, and RF models demonstrated good predictive capabilities. Approximately one-third of IBD patients experienced EIMs. Significant risk factors included genetic variants, family history, age, and anti-TNF therapy, with predictive models effectively identifying EIM risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:47:22Z","timestamp":1750070842000},"page":"5741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prediction of Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Using Clinical and Genetic Variables with Machine Learning in a Latin IBD Group"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"P\u00e9rez-Jeldres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"},{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital san Borja Arriaran, Santiago 8360160, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Reyes-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre el Genoma Humano, University Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Gonzalez-Hormazabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00e9tica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Avendano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Segovia Melero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Azocar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital san Borja Arriaran, Santiago 8360160, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"De La Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital san Borja Arriaran, Santiago 8360160, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Arriagada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital san Borja Arriaran, Santiago 8360160, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataly","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Pavez-Ovalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1856-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Francisco","family":"Miquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Alvarez-Lobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4803-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivania","family":"Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia University Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Medina-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre el Genoma Humano, University Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico 76230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Leonor","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Gen\u00e9tica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Santiago 8380453, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10209","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"474","author":"Khor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18231","article-title":"Review article: Measuring disease severity in inflammatory bowel disease\u2014Beyond treat to 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