{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:41:00Z","timestamp":1790102460439,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero della Salute","award":["RC 2024\u20132025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2024\u20132025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current evidence indicates that most types of autophagy represent a pivot in promoting retinal integrity. In healthy conditions, autophagy acts on multiple pathways, which are fundamental for the biochemistry and the fine structure of the retina. Autophagy is essential in granting visual processes. On the other hand, autophagy dysfunction characterizes several retinal disorders. This is mostly evident in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which represents the most common degenerative disease leading to blindness. The involvement of autophagy in AMD is documented in vitro and in vivo experiments, and it is strongly suggested by clinical findings in humans. The present manuscript provides an overview of the specific types of autophagy, which prevail in the retina and their alterations in retinal degeneration with an emphasis on AMD. The dysfunction of specific autophagy steps was analyzed in relation to hallmarks of AMD pathology and symptoms. An extended session of the manuscript analyzes the connection between altered autophagy and cell pathology within retinal pigment epithelium, as well as the site and structure of extracellular aggregates named drusen. The significance of the drusen in relation to visual function is discussed in the light of the role of autophagy in regulating key steps of phototransduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T10:47:22Z","timestamp":1750070842000},"page":"5773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Retinal Autophagy for Sustaining Retinal Integrity as a Proof of Concept for Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Pinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Lazzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Biagioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Scaffidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SERI, Switzerland Eye Research Institute, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1446-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violet Vakunseh","family":"Bumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Bush Mathematical Sciences Building Suite 108, Stephen F. 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