{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:06:05Z","timestamp":1791914765177,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Tinnitus Stiftung Charit\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To determine candidate key proteins involved in synaptic transmission in the thalamus in tinnitus, we used bioinformatic methods by analyzing protein\u2013protein interaction networks under different conditions of acoustic activity. The motor system was used to analyze the specificity of the response reaction in the auditory system. The databases GeneCard, STRING-, DAVID-, and Cytoscape version 3.9.1 were applied to identify the top three high-degree proteins, their high-score interaction proteins and the gene ontology\u2014biological processes (GO-BPs) associated in the thalamus with synaptic transmission in tinnitus. Under normal hearing conditions, a balanced state of functional connectivity was observed for both systems, the auditory system and the motor system of the thalamus. Under conditions of acoustic stimulation, the GO-BP-enrichment analyses suggest that in the auditory system, tinnitus-related proteins may be involved in responses typically associated with \u201cxenobiotic stimuli\u201d; in the motor system, the activation of the dopaminergic system was observed. Under conditions of tinnitus in the auditory system, key proteins and the GO-BPs indicate the regulation of different developmental processes and regulation by microRNA transcription; in the motor system, tinnitus is also identified as \u201cxenobiotic\u201d but responded with GO-BPs, corresponding to various signaling systems, e.g., tachykinin. Key proteins and their interactions with neurotransmitter receptors may be useful indicators for tinnitus-associated changes in synaptic transmission in the thalamic auditory system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T10:45:26Z","timestamp":1750157126000},"page":"5804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Candidate Key Proteins of Tinnitus in the Auditory and Motor Systems of the Thalamus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Johann","family":"Gross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Leibniz Society of Sciences Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Knipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Society of Sciences Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, T\u00fcbingen Hearing Research Center (THRC), Molecular Physiology of Hearing, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9587-6632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tinnitus Center, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"382","author":"Baguley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziridis, K., Friedrich, J., Br\u00fceggemann, P., Mazurek, B., and Schulze, H. (2022). 402-Estimation of Tinnitus-Related Socioeconomic Costs in Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610455"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20230358","article-title":"The Out-of-Pocket Expenses of People with Tinnitus in Europe","volume":"34","author":"Jarach","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-081423-093942","article-title":"Harmony in the Molecular Orchestra of Hearing: Developmental Mechanisms from the Ear to the Brain","volume":"47","author":"Pyott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241062","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241062","article-title":"Sound Strategies for Hearing Restoration","volume":"344","author":"Holt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01405-w","article-title":"Candidate Key Proteins in Tinnitus: A Bioinformatic Study of Synaptic Transmission in Spiral Ganglion Neurons","volume":"43","author":"Gross","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross, J., Knipper, M., and Mazurek, B. (2024). Candidate Key Proteins in Tinnitus-A Bioinformatic Study of Synaptic Transmission in the Cochlear Nucleus. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071615"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross, J., Knipper, M., and Mazurek, B. (2025). Candidate Key Proteins in Tinnitus-A Bioinformatic Study of Synaptic Transmission in the Inferior Colliculus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051831"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vis, C., Barry, K.M., and Mulders, W.H.A.M. (2022). Hearing Loss Increases Inhibitory Effects of Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation on Sound Evoked Activity in Medial Geniculate Nucleus. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2022.840368"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3000","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Etiology, Neuropathology, and Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"Jalal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middleton, J.W., and Tzounopoulos, T. (2012). Imaging the Neural Correlates of Tinnitus: A Comparison between Animal Models and Human Studies. Front. Syst. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2012.00035"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.07.002","article-title":"Medial Geniculate Neurons Show Diverse Effects in Response to Electrical Stimulation of Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"353","author":"Barry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02284-x","article-title":"Auditory Thalamus Dysfunction and Pathophysiology in Tinnitus: A Predictive Network Hypothesis","volume":"226","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2022.147797","article-title":"The Role of the Medial Geniculate Body of the Thalamus in the Pathophysiology of Tinnitus and Implications for Treatment","volume":"1779","author":"Almasabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ito, T., and Oliver, D.L. (2012). The Basic Circuit of the IC: Tectothalamic Neurons with Different Patterns of Synaptic Organization Send Different Messages to the Thalamus. Front. Neural Circuits, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2012.00048"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2024.108954","article-title":"Auditory Processing Control by the Medial Prefrontal Cortex: A Review of the Rodent Functional Organisation","volume":"443","author":"Hockley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1155\/NP.2003.107","article-title":"The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control","volume":"10","author":"Groenewegen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zitnik, M., Li, M.M., Wells, A., Glass, K., Morselli Gysi, D., Krishnan, A., Murali, T.M., Radivojac, P., Roy, S., and Baudot, A. (2024). Current and Future Directions in Network Biology. Bioinform. Adv., 4.","DOI":"10.1093\/bioadv\/vbae099"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niemann, U., Boecking, B., Brueggemann, P., Spiliopoulou, M., and Mazurek, B. (2024). Heterogeneity in Response to Treatment across Tinnitus Phenotypes. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52651-x"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1817","article-title":"Identification of Key Genes and Crucial Modules Associated with Coronary Artery Disease by Bioinformatics Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.30.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.5","article-title":"The GeneCards Suite: From Gene Data Mining to Disease Genome Sequence Analyses","volume":"54","author":"Stelzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING Database in 2023: Protein-Protein Association Networks and Functional Enrichment Analyses for Any Sequenced Genome of Interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherman, B.T., Huang, D.W., Tan, Q., Guo, Y., Bour, S., Liu, D., Stephens, R., Baseler, M.W., Lane, H.C., and Lempicki, R.A. (2007). DAVID Knowledgebase: A Gene-Centered Database Integrating Heterogeneous Gene Annotation Resources to Facilitate High-Throughput Gene Functional Analysis. BMC Bioinform., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-426"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashtiani, M., Salehzadeh-Yazdi, A., Razaghi-Moghadam, Z., Hennig, H., Wolkenhauer, O., Mirzaie, M., and Jafari, M. (2018). A Systematic Survey of Centrality Measures for Protein-Protein Interaction Networks. BMC Syst. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-018-0598-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16643","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16643","article-title":"Topological Features of Brain Functional Networks Are Reorganized during Chronic Tinnitus: A Graph-Theoretical Study","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahiminejad, S., Maurya, M.R., and Subramaniam, S. (2019). Topological and Functional Comparison of Community Detection Algorithms in Biological Networks. BMC Bioinform., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2746-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68010370.x","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Increases the Stimulation-Evoked Release of Glutamate and the Levels of Exocytosis-Associated Proteins in Cultured Cortical Neurons from Embryonic Rats","volume":"68","author":"Takei","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7198","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4031-15.2016","article-title":"Selective Attention to Visual Stimuli Using Auditory Distractors Is Altered in Alpha-9 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit Knock-Out Mice","volume":"36","author":"Terreros","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.A.R., Haq, M.M., Lee, J.H., and Jeong, S. (2024). Multi-Faceted Regulation of CREB Family Transcription Factors. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1408949"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, M., Morici, J.F., Zanoni, M.B., and Bekinschtein, P. (2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00363"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.12.023","article-title":"Synaptic Reorganization Response in the Cochlear Nucleus Following Intense Noise Exposure","volume":"399","author":"Manohar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12001","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1663-14.2014","article-title":"Thalamic NMDA Receptor Function Is Necessary for Patterning of the Thalamocortical Somatosensory Map and for Sensorimotor Behaviors","volume":"34","author":"Arakawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Q., Qu, T., Shen, G., and Wang, H. (2024). Characterization of the Neural Circuitry of the Auditory Thalamic Reticular Nucleus and Its Potential Role in Salicylate-Induced Tinnitus. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1368816"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauretani, F., Giallauria, F., Testa, C., Zinni, C., Lorenzi, B., Zucchini, I., Salvi, M., Napoli, R., and Maggio, M.G. (2024). Dopamine Pharmacodynamics: New Insights. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105293"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108906","article-title":"At the Heart of the Interoception Network: Influence of the Parasubthalamic Nucleus on Autonomic Functions and Motivated Behaviors","volume":"204","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13083","article-title":"Neuropeptides and Neurotransmitters That Modulate Thalamo-Cortical Pathways Relevant to Migraine Headache","volume":"57","author":"Noseda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-009-2001-5","article-title":"The significance of stress: Its role in the auditory system and the pathogenesis of tinnitus","volume":"58","author":"Mazurek","year":"2010","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2011.622785","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in the Expression of NMDA, Serotonin, and GAD in the Central Auditory System of the Rat","volume":"132","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol. Stockh."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253895","article-title":"Specific Disruption of Thalamic Inputs to the Auditory Cortex in Schizophrenia Models","volume":"344","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.020","article-title":"Environmental Enrichment to Sound Activates Dopaminergic Pathways in the Auditory System","volume":"92","author":"Niu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20362","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.20362","article-title":"Activity-Dependent Switch of GABAergic Inhibition into Glutamatergic Excitation in Astrocyte-Neuron Networks","volume":"5","author":"Perea","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0793-8","article-title":"Identifying the Pathways Required for Coping Behaviours Associated with Sustained Pain","volume":"565","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2922-y","article-title":"Substance P and Pain Chronicity","volume":"375","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2014-0008","article-title":"Tachykinin: Recent Developments and Novel Roles in Health and Disease","volume":"5","author":"Onaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.12.006","article-title":"Correlation of Electrophysiological and Gene Transcriptional Dysfunctions in Single Cortical Parvalbumin Neurons After Noise Trauma","volume":"482","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.005","article-title":"BDNF-Induced Local Protein Synthesis and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"76","author":"Leal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.220434","article-title":"Postsynaptic BDNF Signalling Regulates Long-Term Potentiation at Thalamo-Amygdala Afferents","volume":"590","author":"Meis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.036","article-title":"A Thalamic-Primary Auditory Cortex Circuit Mediates Resilience to Stress","volume":"186","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisani, A., Paciello, F., Del Vecchio, V., Malesci, R., De Corso, E., Cantone, E., and Fetoni, A.R. (2023). The Role of BDNF as a Biomarker in Cognitive and Sensory Neurodegeneration. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13040652"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1894","article-title":"Neurotrophin-Regulated Signalling Pathways","volume":"361","author":"Reichardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uzay, B., and Kavalali, E.T. (2023). Genetic Disorders of Neurotransmitter Release Machinery. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2023.1148957"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00546.x","article-title":"Exocytosis and Synaptic Vesicle Function","volume":"4","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M., Lima, L., Carvalho, S., Mota-Pereira, J., Pimentel, P., Maia, D., Correia, D., Barroso, M.F., Gomes, S., and Cruz, A. (2023). The Impact of BDNF, NTRK2, NGFR, CREB1, GSK3B, AKT, MAPK1, MTOR, PTEN, ARC, and SYN1 Genetic Polymorphisms in Antidepressant Treatment Response Phenotypes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076758"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosskothen-Kuhl, N., Hildebrandt, H., Birkenh\u00e4ger, R., and Illing, R.-B. (2018). Astrocyte Hypertrophy and Microglia Activation in the Rat Auditory Midbrain Is Induced by Electrical Intracochlear Stimulation. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00810-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of Astrocyte Aging in Reactivity and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Gildea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowacka-Chmielewska, M.M., Li\u015bkiewicz, D., Li\u015bkiewicz, A., Przyby\u0142a, M., Marczak, \u0141., Wojakowska, A., Grabowska, K., Grabowski, M., Barski, J.J., and Ma\u0142ecki, A. (2022). Global Proteome Profiling of the Temporal Cortex of Female Rats Exposed to Chronic Stress and the Western Diet. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091934"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000538090","article-title":"Trade-Offs in the Sensory Brain between Diurnal and Nocturnal Rodents","volume":"99","author":"Morrow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1058","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00010.2020","article-title":"Circadian Clock Genes and Respiratory Neuroplasticity Genes Oscillate in the Phrenic Motor System","volume":"318","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.nah_57_21","article-title":"76-Analysis of Studies in Tinnitus-Related Gene Research","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.10.056","article-title":"Impact of Sound Exposure and Aging on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Tyrosine Kinase B Receptors Levels in Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus 80 Days Following Sound Exposure","volume":"172","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23734","article-title":"Neurochemical Regulation of the Expression and Function of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Astrocytes","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mennink, L.M., Aalbers, M.W., van Dijk, P., and van Dijk, J.M.C. (2022). The Role of Inflammation in Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11041000"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123563","article-title":"Critical Role of microRNAs in Cellular Quality Control during Brain Aging and Neurological Disorders: Interplay between Autophagy and Proteostasis","volume":"369","author":"Tamatta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4969","article-title":"Role of microRNA-375-3p-mediated Regulation in Tinnitus Development","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4240","article-title":"Thalamic miR-338-3p Mediates Auditory Thalamocortical Disruption and Its Late Onset in Models of 22q11.2 Microdeletion","volume":"23","author":"Chun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0365-6","article-title":"Abnormal Expression of MicroRNAs Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rat Hippocampal Tissues","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54041","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202154041","article-title":"Physical and Functional Interactome Atlas of Human Receptor Tyrosine Kinases","volume":"23","author":"Salokas","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.05.002","article-title":"Disruption of Akt Signaling Decreases Dopamine Sensitivity in Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Rat Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"108","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., Du, C.-P., Lu, C.-Y., Zhang, K., Li, L., Yan, J.-Z., and Hou, X.-Y. (2021). Neuronal Activity-Induced SUMOylation of Akt1 by PIAS3 Is Required for Long-Term Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission. FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 35.","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002728R"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00356-8","article-title":"Control of Synaptic Strength, a Novel Function of Akt","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0370","article-title":"Functional Brain Networks Underlying Perceptual Switching: Auditory Streaming and Verbal Transformations","volume":"367","author":"Kashino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabetta, E., Ferrari, D., Massimo, L., and K\u00f5ks, S. (2025). Tandem Repeat Expansions and Copy Number Variations as Risk Factors and Diagnostic Tools for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1522445"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Q.-L.L., Li, S., Dai, W.P., Zhou, D., and Cai, D. (2018). Balanced Active Core in Heterogeneous Neuronal Networks. Front. Comput. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2018.00109"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.12.118","article-title":"Comparative Analyses of Alpha-Synuclein Expression Levels in Rat Brain Tissues and Transfected Cells","volume":"358","author":"Wersinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Garcia, M., Via, M., Zarnowiec, K., SanMiguel, I., Escera, C., and Clemente, I.C. (2017). COMT and DRD2\/ANKK-1 Gene-Gene Interaction Account for Resetting of Gamma Neural Oscillations to Auditory Stimulus-Driven Attention. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172362"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-0003-y","article-title":"The Role of PI3K\/Akt and ERK in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"35","author":"Rai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2016.06.001","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Modulates Dopamine Neurotransmission","volume":"83","author":"Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Sun, S., Chen, H., Yun, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Wu, Y., Lv, J., He, Y., and Li, W. (2023). Identification of Key Genes and Therapeutic Drugs for Cocaine Addiction Using Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1201897"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-2725(96)00017-9","article-title":"Tachykinins: Receptor to Effector","volume":"28","author":"Khawaja","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, I., Bhattacharyya, A., V-Ghaffari, B., Williams, E.D., Xiao, M., Rutherford, M.A., and Rubio, M.E. (2024). Female GluA3-KO Mice Show Early Onset Hearing Loss and Afferent Swellings in Ambient Sound Levels. bioRxiv, bioRxiv:2024.02.21.581467.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.21.581467"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113975","article-title":"Nanocurcumin Substantially Alleviates Noise Stress-Induced Anxiety-like Behavior: The Roles of Tight Junctions and NMDA Receptors in the Hippocampus","volume":"432","author":"Alinaghipour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres11010012","article-title":"Defining the Role of Attention in Hierarchical Auditory Processing","volume":"11","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149589","article-title":"The Impact of Noise on Auditory Processing in Children and Adults: A Time-Frequency Analysis Perspective","volume":"1856","author":"Jemel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.04.040","article-title":"Cholinergic Modulation of Auditory P3 Event-Related Potentials as Indexed by CHRNA4 and CHRNA7 Genotype Variation in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"623","author":"Hyde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00595.2018","article-title":"Evidence for a Dynorphin-Mediated Inner Ear Immune\/Inflammatory Response and Glutamate-Induced Neural Excitotoxicity: An Updated Analysis","volume":"122","author":"Sahley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.05.006","article-title":"30 Years of Dynorphins--New Insights on Their Functions in Neuropsychiatric Diseases","volume":"123","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.01.006","article-title":"Endogenous Dynorphins, Glutamate and N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors May Participate in a Stress-Mediated Type-I Auditory Neural Exacerbation of Tinnitus","volume":"1499","author":"Sahley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00421","article-title":"Tacr3\/NK3R: Beyond Their Roles in Reproduction","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6154313","article-title":"Substance P: Does It Produce Analgesia or Hyperalgesia?","volume":"208","author":"Oehme","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"429","article-title":"Does a Relationship Exist between Stress and Opioid Dependence?","volume":"328","author":"Oehme","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69626","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69626","article-title":"Inhibition of Itch by Neurokinin 1 Receptor (Tacr1)-Expressing ON Cells in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla in Mice","volume":"11","author":"Follansbee","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02361-z","article-title":"Interplay between Hippocampal TACR3 and Systemic Testosterone in Regulating Anxiety-Associated Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"29","author":"Wojtas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehboob, R., Oehme, P., Anwar, T., and von Kries, J.P. (2024). Substance P\u2014A Regulatory Peptide with Defense and Repair Functions. Results and Perspectives for the Fight against COVID-19. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1370454"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.05.007","article-title":"Improving MeSH Classification of Biomedical Articles Using Citation Contexts","volume":"44","author":"Aljaber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5804\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:53:40Z","timestamp":1760032420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/12\/5804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26125804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26125804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}}}