{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:33:14Z","timestamp":1790721194511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002632","name":"Hallym University Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HURF-2023-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HURF-2023-36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the relationships between mid-arm circumference (MAC) and calf circumference (CC) with cognitive performance, considering the moderating effect of apolipoprotein E \u03b54 allele (APOE4) status. Data from 196 older adults (65\u201390 years) in the General Lifestyle and AD (GLAD) study were analyzed. Cognitive performance was assessed using the CERAD neuropsychological battery, with episodic memory score (EMS) and non-memory score (NMS) as primary outcomes. Multiple linear regression analyses examined associations between MAC, CC, and waist circumference (WC) with cognition, adjusting for key covariates. Interaction effects with APOE4 status were also explored. Higher MAC (or MAC\/WC) significantly correlated with better EMS, while higher CC (or CC\/WC) correlated with better NMS, even after Bonferroni correction (PB &lt; 0.0125). These associations were stronger in APOE4-negative individuals but not significant in APOE4-positive participants. WC was not associated with cognitive measures. The results suggest that Upper- and lower-limb musculature may play distinct roles in cognitive function, with MAC linked to episodic memory and CC to non-memory cognition, particularly in APOE4-negative individuals. These findings highlight the potential of muscle health maintenance as a strategy for preserving cognitive function in aging populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T05:30:42Z","timestamp":1750224642000},"page":"5831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Body Circumference and Cognitive Function: Role of Apolipoprotein E \u03b54 in the Elderly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7040-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Min","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boung Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guk-Hee","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Gyeom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-6715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0528-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeuk","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahyun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9570-4216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Gangwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4868","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14054","article-title":"Development of a prediction model for cognitive impairment of sarcopenia using multimodal neuroimaging in non-demented older adults","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac121","article-title":"Pathophysiological Mechanisms Explaining the Association Between Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and Cognitive Function","volume":"77","author":"Oudbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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