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We describe how miR-181b-5p and miR-223 modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis, how miR-615-5p, miR-138, and miR-133a coordinate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and nitric oxide bioavailability, and how miR-33a\/b, miR-150, and miR-342-3p influence lipid efflux and foam-cell formation in atherogenesis. We also discuss miRNA signatures that correlate with endothelial dysfunction in human cohorts. By integrating mechanistic pathways with emerging biomarker data, this study underscores the relevance of miRNAs as both diagnostic and potential targets in vascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26135919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T03:05:27Z","timestamp":1750388727000},"page":"5919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of Vascular Endothelium: From Pro-Inflammation to Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University (PUC Campinas), Campinas 13034-685, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Vanier College, Montreal, QC H4L 3X9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmilson Ricardo","family":"Goncalves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University (PUC Campinas), Campinas 13034-685, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thatiane Cristina de Moura","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13087-883, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of Sao Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"},{"name":"Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (FAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dentistry School, Faculty of the Midwest Paulista (FACOP), Piratininga 17499-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Antonio Antunes","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University (PUC Campinas), Campinas 13034-685, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Costa","family":"Nassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University (PUC Campinas), Campinas 13034-685, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tais Mendes","family":"de Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, S\u00e3o Francisco University (USF), Bragan\u00e7a Paulista 12916-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Farinasso","family":"Caboclo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, S\u00e3o Francisco University (USF), Bragan\u00e7a Paulista 12916-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4551-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Rodrigues","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Jundia\u00ed (FMJ), Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Neurobiology Study Group, Nossa Senhora do Patroc\u00ednio University Center (CEUNSP), Itu 13300-200, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1158803","article-title":"Exportin-5 Mediates the Nuclear Export of Pre-MicroRNAs and Short Hairpin RNAs","volume":"17","author":"Yi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes. 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