{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:24:38Z","timestamp":1792016678331,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for Research and Development","award":["1634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1634"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Research and Development","award":["20\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/2019"]}]},{"name":"ERA-Net Neuron","award":["1634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1634"]}]},{"name":"ERA-Net Neuron","award":["20\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition that develops in response to traumatic events. The endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems play crucial roles in the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD. Both the endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems are involved in synaptic remodeling and neuronal differentiation, ensuring efficient information transmission in the brain. Their interplay influences motivation, behavior, sensory perception, pain regulation, and visual processing. Additionally, these systems regulate processes such as cellular proliferation, adhesion, apoptosis, and immune responses. This article explores the involvement of the endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in PTSD pathogenesis. A literature review was conducted on studies examining the relationship between the endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in PTSD. Relevant publications were sourced from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, covering research up to 29 February 2025. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying PTSD may share common pathways with other mental and somatic disorders, particularly those involving inflammatory processes. The identification of biomarkers is crucial for assessing PTSD risk and implementing targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could enhance therapeutic strategies, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals affected by PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26135929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:10:27Z","timestamp":1750399827000},"page":"5929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Involvement of the Endocannabinoid, Glutamatergic, and GABAergic Systems in PTSD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6444-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Dorota","family":"Grzesi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, ul. Waszyngtona 4\/8, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakirci, A.E., Sar, V., Cetin, A., Baker, L.D., and Smith, A.J. (2025). Screening for PTSD in first responders: Turkish adaptation and psychometric validation of the primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5. Psychol. 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