{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:57:16Z","timestamp":1785902236328,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH-NHLBI)","award":["R01 HL155957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL155957"]}]},{"name":"Indiana University School of Medicine Strategic Research Initiative","award":["R01 HL155957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL155957"]}]},{"name":"Indiana University Medical Student Program for Research and Scholarship (IMPRS)","award":["R01 HL155957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL155957"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac dysfunction is a severe complication of sepsis that significantly increases mortality in affected patients. Previous studies have shown better myocardial responses with preserved cardiac function in female animals compared to males following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. Our published findings have revealed that females exhibited less cardiac dysfunction than males when exposed to equivalent doses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)\u03b1, which is markedly elevated in both heart tissue and serum following LPS. These raise the question of whether the observed sex differences in LPS-induced myocardial dysfunction are a direct effect of LPS or a secondary consequence mediated by inflammatory cytokines, like TNF\u03b1. In this study, we aimed to uncover sex differences in LPS-caused direct effects on cardiac function. To do so, isolated hearts from aged-matched adult male and female mice were subjected to LPS infusion using a Langendorff method. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was continuously recorded. The female estrous cycle was determined via vaginal smear. The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway and estrogen receptors (ERs) were determined in heart tissue using Western blot. We found that males exhibited worse LV function than females following the infusion of LPS at 5.0 mg\/kg body weight. However, no significant differences in cardiac function and expression of ERs were observed between female groups at different estrous stages. Interestingly, LV function returned to baseline after the initial depression of LVDP during the rapid response to LPS and then depressed again following the 50 min LPS infusion. Protein levels of OXPHOS were altered differently between male and female hearts after 50 min LPS infusion. Our data demonstrate that male hearts exhibit higher sensitivity to LPS-induced rapid cardiac dysfunction compared to females, although estrogen may have a minimal influence on LPS-induced rapid functional depression. Sex differences may exist in myocardial mitochondrial responses to direct LPS insult via the OXPHOS pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26135963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:08:44Z","timestamp":1750669724000},"page":"5963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sex-Specific Differences in LPS-Induced Rapid Myocardial Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3460-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianna I.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arris M.","family":"Yoniles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Monsivais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayue","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Zadorozny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139","article-title":"The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000","volume":"348","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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