{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:15:23Z","timestamp":1793121323255,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research Foundation (SPF) in Nottwil (Switzerland)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function, imposing substantial biosocial and economic burdens. Traditional approaches, such as stem cell therapy and immune modulation, have faced translational challenges, whereas neuromodulation and digital brain\u2013spinal cord interfaces combining brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) technology and epidural spinal cord stimulation (ESCS) to create brain\u2013spine interfaces (BSIs) offer promising alternatives by leveraging residual neural pathways to restore physiological function. This review examines recent advancements in neuromodulation, focusing on the future translation of clinical trial data to clinical practice. We address key considerations, including scalability, patient selection, surgical techniques, postoperative rehabilitation, and ethical implications. By integrating interdisciplinary collaboration, standardized protocols, and patient-centered design, neuromodulation has the potential to revolutionize SCI rehabilitation, reducing long-term disability and enhancing quality of life globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:08:44Z","timestamp":1750669724000},"page":"6021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Advances in Neuromodulation and Digital Brain\u2013Spinal Cord Interfaces for Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7738-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Jaszczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Spine Center, Luzern Cantonal Hospital, University of Luzern, 6000 Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2608-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Bratelj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Center, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crescenzo","family":"Capone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Center, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Rudnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Center, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"P\u00f6tzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Center, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev K.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Swiss Paraplegic Center, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fiechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Surgery, Swiss Paraplegic Center, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0467-6","article-title":"Required growth facilitators propel axon regeneration across complete spinal cord injury","volume":"561","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0475-6","article-title":"Spinal cord repair: Advances in biology and technology","volume":"25","author":"Courtine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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