{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:18:03Z","timestamp":1790619483567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young Investigator Research Grant Award"},{"name":"The National Institute for Psychobiology in Israel"},{"name":"Tourette Association of America"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) signalling is critical for weight gain and for milk intake in newborn pups. This is important as in humans, low birth weight increases the risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Moreover, some children with ADHD also have Tourette syndrome (TS). However, it remains unclear if insufficient CB1 receptor signalling may promote ADHD\/TS-like behaviours. Here, ADHD\/TS-like behaviours were studied from postnatal to adulthood by exposing postnatal wild-type CB1 and Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) knockout mouse pups to SR141716A (rimonabant), a CB1 receptor antagonist\/inverse agonist. Postnatal disruption of the cannabinoid system by SR141716A induced vocal-like tics and learning deficits in male mice, accompanied by excessive vocalisation, hyperactivity, motor-like tics and\/or high-risk behaviour in adults. In CB1 knockouts, rearing and risky behaviours increased in females. In CB2 knockouts, vocal-like tics did not develop, and males were hyperactive with learning deficits. Importantly, females were hyperactive but showed no vocal-like tics. The appearance of vocal-like tics depends on disrupted CB1 receptor signalling and on functional CB2 receptors after birth. Inhibition of CB1 receptor signalling together with CB2 receptor stimulation underlie ADHD\/TS-like behaviours in males. This study suggests that the ADHD\/TS phenotype may be a single clinical entity resulting from incorrect cannabinoid signalling after birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T08:50:57Z","timestamp":1750755057000},"page":"6052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Tourette Syndrome\/ADHD-like Phenotype Results from Postnatal Disruption of CB1 and CB2 Receptor Signalling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Gorberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Harpaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilya Natali","family":"Shamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orit Diana","family":"Karminsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 52620, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Fride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Behavioral Sciences and Molecular Biology, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel 44837, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger G.","family":"Pertwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain R.","family":"Greig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5956-3997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"McCaffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Anavi-Goffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.442","article-title":"Merging the Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Tics","volume":"8","author":"Augustine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181b26e9f","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders","volume":"48","author":"Bloch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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