{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:00:51Z","timestamp":1792267251098,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University","award":["111-2320-B-019-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2320-B-019-005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan","award":["111-2320-B-019-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2320-B-019-005"]}]},{"name":"MOST","award":["111-2320-B-019-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2320-B-019-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plastics pollution is a critical global environmental issue, with growing concern over the increasing presence of nanoplastic particles. Plastics are major environmental pollutants that adversely affect human health, particularly when plastics from food sources enter the body and pose potential risks to reproductive health. Echinacea purpurea is an immunologically active medicinal plant containing phenolic acids and alkylamides. Nanoparticles present a promising approach to enhance the effectiveness, stability, and bioavailability of Echinacea purpurea ethanol extract (EE) active components. This study aimed to determine the protective effects of chitosan-silica-Echinacea purpurea nanoparticles (CSE) against reproductive injury induced by polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in male rats. The results showed that CSE dose-dependently reduced oxidative damage and protected intestinal and reproductive health. Furthermore, CSE improved gut microbiota dysbiosis, preserved barrier integrity, and attenuated PS-NPs-induced inflammation in the colon, brain, and gonads. Inflammatory factors released from the gut can enter the bloodstream, cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, and potentially modulate the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal (HPG) axis. CSE has also been shown to elevate neurotransmitter levels in the colon and brain, thereby repairing HPG axis dysregulation caused by PS-NPs through gut\u2013brain communication and improving reproductive dysfunction. This study enhances our understanding of CSE in modulating the gut\u2013brain and HPG axes under PS-NPs-induced damage. CSE demonstrates the capacity to provide protection and facilitate recovery by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, restoring gut microbiota balance, and preserving hormone levels in the context of PS-NPs-induced injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T05:53:13Z","timestamp":1750917193000},"page":"6097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Therapeutic Benefits of Nano-Echinacea Extract on Reproductive Injury Induced by Polystyrene Plastic Materials in Rat Model via Regulating Gut\u2013Brain Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yi-Yuh","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2821-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabri","family":"Sudirman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Product Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya 30662, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Xuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chine-Feng","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4881-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athira","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, South Kalamassery 682002, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tai-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deng-Fwu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4877-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zwe-Ling","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153792","article-title":"Understanding the impact of nanoplastics on reproductive health: Exposure pathways, mechanisms, and implications","volume":"504","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., and Singh, K. 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