{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1782549816983,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies suggest a relationship between phthalates (PAEs) and allergic diseases in children. Therefore, we speculated that PAE exposure may be an important environmental factor causing allergic diseases. The present study employed meta-analysis and network toxicology to analyze the interactions and assess potential pathogenic pathways between prenatal and postnatal PAE exposure and childhood allergic diseases. This study found that prenatal PAEs exposure was positively associated with childhood wheezing and eczema (OR = 1.03, 1.05), and postnatal PAEs exposure was positively associated with childhood wheezing, eczema, and rhinitis (OR = 1.10, 1.05, 1.06). PAE exposure from dust may elicit distinct effects compared to direct exposure to PAEs. Furthermore, a large number of overlapping genes between disease targets and PAEs were identified. Enrichment analysis highlighted the association of PAE-targeted genes with biological pathways integral to allergic diseases. Molecular docking results indicated a strong link between the PAEs and the core proteins, such as SRC, AKT1, and HSP90AA1. These proteins are critically involved in the regulation of immune\u2013inflammatory processes underlying allergic diseases. This discovery not only enhances our understanding of the relationship between environmental pollutants and child health but also provides a robust reference for experimental studies on the induction of childhood diseases by early-life exposure to environmental pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"6103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal Phthalate Exposure and Allergic Diseases in Children: A Meta-Analysis and Network Toxicology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baixiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3656-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134786","article-title":"Associations between Children\u2019s asthma and allergic symptoms and phthalates in dust in metropolitan Tianjin, China","volume":"302","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.06.036","article-title":"Phthalates impact human health: Epidemiological evidences and plausible mechanism of action","volume":"340","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.043","article-title":"Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to childhood asthmatic and allergic symptoms in Shanghai","volume":"121","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.5193","article-title":"Prenatal and Infant Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Medications and Risk of Allergic Diseases in Children","volume":"177","author":"Noh","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0580","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Asthma and Allergic Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Casas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230019","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0019-2023","article-title":"Extreme weather and asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Makrufardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138139","article-title":"Exposure to phthalate increases the risk of eczema in children: Findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"321","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15454","article-title":"Update on pathomechanisms and treatments in allergic rhinitis","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102866","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02866-2021","article-title":"The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in children in 25 countries: GAN Phase I study","volume":"60","author":"Asher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01344-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400624","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00624-2024","article-title":"European Respiratory Society statement on preschool wheezing disorders: Updated definitions, knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions","volume":"64","author":"Makrinioti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.032","article-title":"Preconceptional, prenatal and postnatal exposure to outdoor and indoor environmental factors on allergic diseases\/symptoms in preschool children","volume":"152","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1829","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and the Development of Eczema Phenotypes in Male Children: Results from the EDEN Mother-Child Cohort Study","volume":"126","author":"Soomro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120704","article-title":"Maternal atmospheric particulate matter exposure and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"317","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138418","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate, paraben, and phenol exposure and childhood allergic and respiratory outcomes: Evaluating exposure to chemical mixtures","volume":"725","author":"Berger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105970","article-title":"A combined cohort analysis of prenatal exposure to phthalate mixtures and childhood asthma","volume":"143","author":"Adgent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.08.025","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates in house dust and associated allergies in children aged 6\u201312 years","volume":"96","author":"Araki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.046","article-title":"Association of filaggrin gene mutations and childhood eczema and wheeze with phthalates and phosphorus flame retardants in house dust: The Hokkaido study on Environment and Children\u2019s Health","volume":"121","author":"Araki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.270","article-title":"Effects of prenatal di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on childhood allergies and infectious diseases: The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children\u2019s Health","volume":"618","author":"Miyashita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"153","article-title":"Exposure to house dust phthalates in relation to asthma and allergies in both children and adults","volume":"485\u2013486","author":"Shibata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109212","article-title":"Combined exposure to phthalate esters and phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers and their associations with wheeze and allergy symptoms among school children","volume":"183","author":"Araki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.09.027","article-title":"Associations between prenatal maternal urinary concentrations of personal care product chemical biomarkers and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes in the CHAMACOS study","volume":"121","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12992","article-title":"Prenatal high molecular weight phthalates and bisphenol A, and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205256","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers for phthalates associated with asthma in Norwegian children","volume":"121","author":"Bertelsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7187","article-title":"The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: A nested case-control study","volume":"112","author":"Bornehag","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.016","article-title":"Associations of prenatal environmental phenol and phthalate biomarkers with respiratory and allergic diseases among children aged 6 and 7 years","volume":"115","author":"Buckley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12060","article-title":"Associations between selected allergens, phthalates, nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and bedroom ventilation and clinically confirmed asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis in preschool children","volume":"24","author":"Callesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J.W., Chen, H.C., Hu, H.Z., Chang, W.T., Huang, P.C., and Wang, I.J. (2022). Phthalate Exposure and Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress in Childhood Asthma: A Nested Case-Control Study with Propensity Score Matching. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061438"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121794","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to synthetic phenols and phthalates and child respiratory health from 2 to 36 months of life","volume":"330","author":"Coiffier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113239","article-title":"Phthalate biomarkers and associations with respiratory symptoms and healthcare utilization among low-income urban children with asthma","volume":"212","author":"Matsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14386","article-title":"Longitudinal effects of prenatal exposure to plastic-derived chemicals and their metabolites on asthma and lung function from childhood into adulthood","volume":"28","author":"Foong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.01.006","article-title":"Phthalate-induced oxidative stress and association with asthma-related airway inflammation in adolescents","volume":"220","author":"Franken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.09.034","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate exposure associates with low regulatory T-cell numbers and atopic dermatitis in early childhood: Results from the LINA mother-child study","volume":"139","author":"Herberth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206211","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and allergy in the U.S. population: Results from NHANES 2005\u20132006","volume":"121","author":"Hoppin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00753.x","article-title":"Predicted risk of childhood allergy, asthma, and reported symptoms using measured phthalate exposure in dust and urine","volume":"22","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151703","article-title":"Urinary levels of phthalate, bisphenol, and paraben and allergic outcomes in children: Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2015\u20132017","volume":"818","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00586-x","article-title":"Maternal phthalate exposure and asthma, rhinitis and eczema in 552 children aged 5\u2009years; a prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Husby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0398OC","article-title":"Children\u2019s urinary phthalate metabolites and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in an urban cohort","volume":"186","author":"Just","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104544","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to butylbenzyl phthalate and early eczema in an urban cohort","volume":"120","author":"Just","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121853","article-title":"Bisphenol and phthalate exposure during pregnancy and the development of childhood lung function and asthma. The Generation R Study","volume":"332","author":"Karramass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107083","article-title":"Phthalates mixture on allergies and oxidative stress biomarkers among children: The Hokkaido study","volume":"160","author":"Ketema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0225-5","article-title":"Exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A are associated with atopic dermatitis symptoms in children: A time-series analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.W., Lee, J., Kwon, S.C., and Lee, J.H. (2021). Association between Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Concentration and Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Adolescents Participating in the Third Korean National Environmental Health Survey, 2015\u20132017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052261"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10498","article-title":"The association between phthalates in dust and allergic diseases among Bulgarian children","volume":"116","author":"Kolarik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Enviorn. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku, H.Y., Su, P.H., Wen, H.J., Sun, H.L., Wang, C.J., Chen, H.Y., Jaakkola, J.J., and Wang, S.L. (2015). Prenatal and postnatal exposure to phthalate esters and asthma: A 9-year follow-up study of a taiwanese birth cohort. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123309"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113857","article-title":"Association between environmental exposure to phthalates and allergic disorders in Korean children: Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) 2015\u20132017","volume":"238","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147953","article-title":"Joint association of prenatal bisphenol-A and phthalates exposure with risk of atopic dermatitis in 6-month-old infants","volume":"789","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.318","article-title":"Childhood exposure to phthalates and pulmonary function","volume":"615","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110981","article-title":"Early life exposure to phthalates and the development of childhood asthma among Canadian children","volume":"197","author":"Navaranjan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06003-2","article-title":"Phthalates and asthma in children and adults: US NHANES 2007\u20132012","volume":"26","author":"Odebeatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.03.022","article-title":"Longitudinal effect of phthalates exposure on allergic diseases in children","volume":"125","author":"Podlecka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00382-w","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate exposure and early childhood wheeze in the SELMA study","volume":"32","author":"Preece","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14245","article-title":"Prenatal phthalate exposure was associated with croup in Swedish infants","volume":"107","author":"Shu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12605","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to environmental chemical contaminants and asthma and eczema in school-age children","volume":"70","author":"Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3867","article-title":"The effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on food allergy and early eczema in inner-city children","volume":"36","author":"Stelmach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1015","article-title":"In Utero Exposure to Select Phenols and Phthalates and Respiratory Health in Five-Year-Old Boys: A Prospective Study","volume":"125","author":"Vernet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, I.J., and Karmaus, W.J. (2017). Oxidative Stress-Related Genetic Variants May Modify Associations of Phthalate Exposures with Asthma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020162"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0060-x","article-title":"Effects of phthalate exposure on asthma may be mediated through alterations in DNA methylation","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.09.002","article-title":"Early life phthalate exposure and atopic disorders in children: A prospective birth cohort study","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"711","article-title":"Mediation Effects of Placental Inflammatory Transcriptional Biomarkers on the Sex-Dependent Associations between Maternal Phthalate Exposure and Infant Allergic Rhinitis: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-022-01320-x","article-title":"The effect of phthalates exposure during pregnancy on asthma in infants aged 0 to 36 months: A birth cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Enviorn. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307670","article-title":"Asthma in inner-city children at 5\u201311 years of age and prenatal exposure to phthalates: The Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health Cohort","volume":"122","author":"Whyatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111760","article-title":"Associations between phthalic acid esters in household dust and childhood asthma in Shanghai, China","volume":"200","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01797-6","article-title":"Association of childhood rhinitis with phthalate acid esters in household dust in Shanghai residences","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Sun, Y., Zhu, C., Zhang, Y., Hou, J., Zhang, Q., and Ataei, Y. (2022). Phthalate Metabolites in Urine of Chinese Children and Their Association with Asthma and Allergic Symptoms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114083"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.09.030","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates and childhood respiratory tract infections and allergy","volume":"135","author":"Gascon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.017","article-title":"Maternal phthalate exposure promotes allergic airway inflammation over 2 generations through epigenetic modifications","volume":"141","author":"Jahreis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suen, J.L., Wu, T.T., Li, Y.H., Lee, C.L., Kuo, F.C., Yan, P.S., Wu, C.F., Tran, M., Wang, C.J., and Hung, C.H. (2020). Environmental Factor-Mediated Transgenerational Inheritance of Igf2r Hypomethylation and Pulmonary Allergic Response via Targeting Dendritic Cells. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603831"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.276","article-title":"Maternal exposure to environmental DEHP exacerbated OVA-induced asthmatic responses in rat offspring","volume":"615","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12206","article-title":"Promoter demethylation contributes to TSLP overexpression in skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"39","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, S.M., and J\u00fccker, M. (2024). The Functional Roles of the Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing Inositol 5-Phosphatases SHIP1 and SHIP2 in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105254"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136244","article-title":"Diethylhexyl Phthalate Induces Immune Dysregulation and is an Environmental Immune Disruptor","volume":"480","author":"Linghu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111461","article-title":"Typical phthalic acid esters induce apoptosis by regulating the PI3K\/Akt\/Bcl-2 signaling pathway in rat insulinoma cells","volume":"208","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153565","article-title":"Higenamine alleviates allergic rhinitis by activating AKT1 and suppressing the EGFR\/JAK2\/c-JUN signaling","volume":"86","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110740","article-title":"Dibutyl phthalate aggravated asthma-like symptoms through oxidative stress and increasing calcitonin gene-related peptide release","volume":"199","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, H.H., Li, C.Y., Wu, S.T., Su, H.H., Wong, T.H., Wu, H.E., Chang, Y.W., Huang, S.K., Tsai, E.M., and Suen, J.L. (2022). Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Promotes Allergic Lung Inflammation by Modulating CD8\u03b1(+) Dendritic Cell Differentiation via Metabolite MEHP-PPAR\u03b3 Axis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.581854"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:58:28Z","timestamp":1760032708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26136103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26136103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]}}}