{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:31:32Z","timestamp":1787592692391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A6A3A01086886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A6A3A01086886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1F1A1064121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1F1A1064121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00237259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00237259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-NR074902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR074902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors have gained regulatory approval for treating various human diseases. While the JAK2\/signal tranducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway plays a role in tumorigenesis, JAK2\/STAT3 inhibitors have shown limited therapeutic efficacy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In this study, we assessed the antiproliferative effects of clinically approved JAK2 inhibitors in TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and HS578T) using the MTT assay. Among the four JAK2 inhibitors evaluated (fedratinib, cerdulatinib, peficitinib, and filgotinib), fedratinib significantly inhibited the proliferation of TNBC cells with IC50 values below 2 \u03bcM. Fedratinib also demonstrated superior efficacy in inhibiting long-term colony formation compared to other JAK2 inhibitors. Western blot analyses showed that fedratinib uniquely inhibits the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)\/AKT pathway and moderately affects the MAP kinase\/ERK kinase (MEK)\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, in addition to targeting JAK2\/STAT3 signaling. Moreover, fedratinib distinctly decreased MYC and cyclin D1 protein levels while inducing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and apoptotic cell death more effectively than other JAK2 inhibitors. We next investigated the effects of simultaneously inhibiting JAK2\/STAT3 together with the MEK\/ERK or PI3K\/AKT pathways, as well as the impact of triple pathway inhibition. Notably, combining ceduratinib with either cobimetinib (MEK inhibitor) and ipatasertib (AKT inhibitor) or trametinib (MEK inhibitor) and alpelisib (PI3K inhibitor) mimicked the effects of fedratinib on the cell proliferation, MYC and cyclin D1 suppression, and pro-apoptotic protein induction. These finding suggest that JAK2 inhibition enhances the anticancer effects of concurrent MEK\/ERK and PI3K\/AKT pathway inhibition, while JAK2 inhibition alone shows minimal efficacy in TNBC cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:55:13Z","timestamp":1750920913000},"page":"6139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["JAK2 Inhibition Augments the Anti-Proliferation Effects by AKT and MEK Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2117-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu Sic","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Multidrug-Resistant Refractory Cancer Convergence Research Center (MRCRC), Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8592-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Multidrug-Resistant Refractory Cancer Convergence Research Center (MRCRC), Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Min","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Multidrug-Resistant Refractory Cancer Convergence Research Center (MRCRC), Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4425-5625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China"},{"name":"China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4743-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon-Sun","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Multidrug-Resistant Refractory Cancer Convergence Research Center (MRCRC), Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidrug-Resistant Refractory Cancer Convergence Research Center (MRCRC), Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China"},{"name":"China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Weon","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Multidrug-Resistant Refractory Cancer Convergence Research Center (MRCRC), Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, K.S., Yi, Y.W., Cho, J., Park, J.-S., and Seong, Y.-S. 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