{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:41:54Z","timestamp":1792021314389,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (R.O.C.)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2628-M-A49-004-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2628-M-A49-004-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (R.O.C.)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-259-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-259-001-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (R.O.C.)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114T2560-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114T2560-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spotlight Research Project of National Dong Hwa University","award":["MOST 111-2628-M-A49-004-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2628-M-A49-004-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Spotlight Research Project of National Dong Hwa University","award":["NSTC 113-2314-B-259-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2314-B-259-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Spotlight Research Project of National Dong Hwa University","award":["114T2560-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114T2560-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are a debilitating non-motor symptom of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), often associated with dopaminergic therapy. However, their occurrence in some patients but not others suggests additional biological mechanisms, including the gut microbiome. In this study, we analyzed 191 PD patients (14 with ICDs, 177 without) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the association between gut microbiota and ICDs. No significant differences were observed in alpha or beta diversity between groups, but several bacterial taxa showed differential abundances. Notably, Methanobrevibacter and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens were enriched in ICD patients. Functional pathway analysis revealed differences in metabolic pathways, including enrichment of xenobiotic degradation and nicotinate metabolism in the ICD group. These findings suggest that specific gut microbial taxa and their associated metabolic functions may contribute to ICDs in PD, highlighting a potential non-dopaminergic mechanism and opening new avenues for microbiome-targeted intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T03:33:25Z","timestamp":1750995205000},"page":"6146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Associations Between Gut Microbiota Composition and Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Data Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru-Jen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300195, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ling","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Statistics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9591-8698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Chen","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"16","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30712-x","article-title":"The gut microbiota-bile acid axis links the positive association between chronic insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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