{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:59:33Z","timestamp":1778219973855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preeclampsia, one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, affects approximately 3\u20135% of pregnancies worldwide. However, its etiology remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify molecular markers of preeclampsia. Protein concentrations in blood and urine were determined using the Bio-Plex Kidney Toxicity 1 assay Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA followed by magnetic separation and flow cytometry. This study included 51 patients with preeclampsia and 25 healthy pregnant women. The results revealed that five out of the six serum biomarkers of kidney injury were elevated in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group (calbindin 1, clusterin, glutathione transferase pi (GSTP1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and kidney injury molecule type 1 (KIM-1)). Additionally, the serum concentrations of calbindin 1, clusterin, GSTP1, and KIM-1 were significantly higher in both early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia compared to the control group. The analysis of urinary proteins showed that only the KIM-1 concentration was elevated in late-onset preeclampsia compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the calbindin 1, clusterin, GSTP1, KIM-1, and MCP-1 concentrations in maternal plasma could serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring kidney injury in preeclamptic women. This study provides a foundation for future research to explore novel biomarkers of preeclampsia and renal injury in pregnant women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T03:33:25Z","timestamp":1750995205000},"page":"6149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential Molecular Biomarkers of Preeclampsia\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Roma\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Matuszewska-Mach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Markwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2423-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Br\u0105zert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Treatment of Fertility, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Borysewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Students Scientific Society, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8163-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Pietkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Matysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Drews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan Medical University, Bu\u0142garska 55 Street, 60-320 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5546-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Szpera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33 Street, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, December 03). 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