{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1791289347322,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)","award":["IIRP-2023-0000049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIRP-2023-0000049"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)","award":["REV\/1872\/05-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REV\/1872\/05-2025"]}]},{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH)","award":["IIRP-2023-0000049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIRP-2023-0000049"]}]},{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH)","award":["REV\/1872\/05-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REV\/1872\/05-2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insulin resistance (IR) frequently develops in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrinological disorder typified by hyperandrogenaemia, erratic menstrual cycles, and the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries. It results in elevated androgen production contributing to the clinical manifestations of the syndrome including associated co-morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Mounting data suggest the involvement of free fatty acids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, and mitochondrial dysfunction with IR. In recent years, numerous reports have suggested that mitochondrial dysregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS. Increased ROS, mutations\/variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and the altered expression of nuclear-related mitochondrial genes in insulin-resistant women with PCOS provide sufficient evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction as one of the factors contributing to PCOS pathogenesis. Despite the advancements in the field of interconnecting links between mitochondrial dysfunction, IR, and PCOS, various underlying mechanisms needs to be elucidated. Advancements in therapeutic interventions showed promising results in improving mitochondrial functions and IR in PCOS pathogenesis, including evolving mitochondrial transfer approaches that may improve in vitro fertilisation (IVF) outcomes in obese and insulin-resistant women with PCOS in future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1751347708000},"page":"6233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Connecting the Dots: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, PCOS, and Insulin Resistance\u2014Insights and Therapeutic Advances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6642-1161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia Palat","family":"Tharayil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Endocrinology, The Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pallavi","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Endocrinology, The Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (ICMR-NIRRCH), J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu012","article-title":"Risk of Endometrial, Ovarian and Breast Cancer in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. 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