{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:29:27Z","timestamp":1791923367529,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitute the deadly trinity of modern threats for populations of both developed and developing countries. These diseases (together with type 2 diabetes) are closely linked in their pathophysiology and result in increasing cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and premature death from CV causes. In this review, we focused on the kidney as the target of obesity-related disorders. Obesity-related glomerulosclerosis (ORG) represents a pattern of renal injury caused solely or predominantly by obesity; usually, it is superimposed on chronic kidney disease (CKD) from other causes, such as diabetic kidney disease, hypertensive kidney disease, type 2 cardiorenal syndrome, primary or secondary glomerulopathies, and others. Adipose tissue contributes to kidney injury in several ways: it releases proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, leading to podocyte and mesangial cell injury and glomerulosclerosis. In particular, perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT), besides exerting paracrine and endocrine effects on the kidney, modifies its function via compression on renal parenchyma and vessels. The intrinsic ability of the kidneys in obesity to increase the reabsorption of sodium warrants intraglomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration, followed by progressive renal injury. Lifestyle interventions and pharmacological agents, as well as metabolic (bariatric) surgery resulting in weight reduction, may also be beneficial for the kidneys. Using GLP1 receptor agonists (with a special focus on subcutaneous semaglutide and tirzepatide) seems to be the most promising treatment strategy for preventing kidney injury in obese individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1751347708000},"page":"6247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Obesity-Related Glomerulosclerosis\u2014How Adiposity Damages the Kidneys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Zbrze\u017aniak-Suszczewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4755-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Winiarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Perkowska-Ptasi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Stomp\u00f3r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.732","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011\u20132012","volume":"311","author":"Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Afshin, A., Forouzanfar, M.H., Reitsma, M.B., Sur, P., Estep, K., Lee, A., Marczak, L., Mokdad, A.H., and Moradi-Lakeh, M. 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