{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:01:31Z","timestamp":1789585291935,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ricerca Corrente","award":["RC2788872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2788872"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This pilot study explored whether the ceruloplasmin (CP) and ferritin (FT) levels in ocular fluids could serve as biomarkers for early neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer\u2019s, Parkinson\u2019s, and other dementias). CP and FT are known to modulate neurodegenerative tissue responses. We analysed aqueous and vitreous samples from 26 patients (8M\/18F, aged 60\u201385) who were undergoing elective vitreoretinal (VR) surgery. Of these, 14 had idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs), 6 had idiopathic macular holes (MH), and 6 were patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) who presented with VR disorders (VRDs). CP, FT, and selected neuroinflammatory mediators such as interferon \u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), interleukin (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were quantified. Odds ratio analysis was applied to assess the CP\/FT ratio\u2019s association with subretinal drusen. We found distinct CP and FT profiles in VRD samples. In aqueous fluid, the CP increased and the FT decreased in early-stage ERM, which reduced the CP\/FT ratio. Similar patterns were observed in vitreous fluid. The CP levels correlated with the VEGF (aqueous), IL-4 (vitreous), NGF, and BDNF levels; FT correlated with IL-6 and NGF. A higher CP\/FT ratio was associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative conditions. Our findings support the quantification of CP and FT in ocular fluids as a promising approach for identifying early neurodegenerative changes and suggest that the CP\/FT ratio may be linked to drusen imaging and clinical neurodegenerative history.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:56:54Z","timestamp":1751353014000},"page":"6307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ceruloplasmin and Ferritin Changes in Ocular Fluids from Patients with Vitreoretinal Diseases: Relation with Neuroinflammation and Drusen Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8777-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziana","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4099-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Cosimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-1647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijorn Omar","family":"Balzamino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Squitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Ospedale Isola Tiberina\u2014Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Viale Massenzio Masia, 26, 22100 Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1158-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Dinice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Scarinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Ciro Antonio","family":"Rongioletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Ospedale Isola Tiberina\u2014Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cacciamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS\u2014Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S438127","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmic Surgery: Current Applications and Expectations","volume":"17","author":"Nuliqiman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. 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