{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T17:25:07Z","timestamp":1782581107186,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2307905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2307905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current global health environment, the spread of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and the persistent threat of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have become critical public health challenges. Since 2022, MPXV has rapidly disseminated worldwide, and nearly half of MPXV-infected individuals are co-infected with HIV. This complex situation calls for innovative preventive strategies. In this study, an innovative multi-epitope vaccine was designed using bioinformatics and immunoinformatic approaches. Ten HIV proteins and nine MPXV proteins were used to predict potential epitopes. Non-allergenic, highly antigenic, IFN-\u03b3-inducible, and non-toxic epitopes were selected to construct the multi-epitope vaccine. It was found that the designed vaccine construct was highly antigenic, soluble, and had acceptable physicochemical properties. Based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDs) analyses, the vaccine construct demonstrated stable and robust interactions with Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4). Although no actual animal experiments have been conducted to evaluate the vaccine\u2019s effectiveness, immune simulations showed that the vaccine could elicit potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Overall, this study provides a promising vaccine candidate against MPXV and HIV co-infection and emphasizes innovative strategies to interrupt the international transmission of these two viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:56:54Z","timestamp":1751353014000},"page":"6313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against MPXV and HIV Based on an Immunoinformatic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3322-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ding","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100006, China"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming 650118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4246-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weijin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV\/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, January 08). 2022\u201324 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends. 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