{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:44:47Z","timestamp":1773193487521,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PNRA national Italian project","award":["RC RC2788871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC RC2788871"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RC RC2788871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC RC2788871"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several soluble mediators are activated during myogenesis and progression, and severe neurodegeneration, with related biomarkers, characterizes high myopia-related retinal atrophy. Targets of oxidative stress, epigenetics and neurogenic inflammation have been reported in the prospecting of some bioindicators to mirror retinal insults occurring in high myopia. The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of a few selected biomarkers belonging to the neurotrophin (NGF and BDNF), oxidative (NO, KEAP1\/NRF2), and epigenetic (DNMT3 and HD1) pathways. Sixty-five (65; 76.25 \u00b1 9.40 years) specimens\u2014aqueous, anterior capsule (AC), and lens epithelial cells (LEC)\u2014were collected at the time of cataract surgery and used for ELISA (aqueous) and transcripts analysis (AC\/LEC). Biosamples were grouped as emmetrope (23; 81.00 \u00b1 6.70 years); myopia (24; 75.96 \u00b1 7.30); and high (pathological) myopia (18; 70.56 \u00b1 11.68 years), depending on axial length (AL) and refractive error (RE). Comparisons and correlations were carried out between myopic and high-myopic subgroups. NGF and BDNF were lowered in myopic samples; NGF and BDNF transcripts were differentially expressed in LEC, and their expression correlated positively with NGF and negatively with BDNF, with the expression of the \u03b1SMA phenotype. NGF and BDNF correlated negatively with NO and nitrites. Oxidative stress (iNOS\/NOX1\/NOX4 and KEAP1\/NRF2) and epigenetic (DNMT\u03b13\/HD1) transcripts were upregulated in myopic LEC, compared with emmetropic ones. Herein, we prospect the contribution of NGF and BDNF in both neuroinflammation and neuroprotection occurring in this chronic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T06:56:54Z","timestamp":1751353014000},"page":"6350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["NGF, BDNF, and NO in Myopic Subjects: Relationships Between Aqueous Levels and Lens Epithelial Cells\u2019 Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"De Piano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cacciamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5444-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Scarinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Squitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Viale Massenzio Masia, 26, 22100 Novedrate, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Science, Research and Development Division, Ospedale Isola Tiberina\u2013Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4099-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Cosimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Ripandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Retina Research Unit, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2873-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Palanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Science, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00184 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD004916","article-title":"Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children","volume":"1","author":"Walline","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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