{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:35:18Z","timestamp":1791650118033,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Funds of Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBZ.D260.25.027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.D260.25.027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plants produce an extensive repertoire of secondary metabolites, developed over evolutionary time to support survival. Among these, D-limonene, a monoterpene exuded by citrus fruits, has demonstrated a broad range of pharmacological activities. This review elucidates limonene\u2019s biological versatility, spanning antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and gastroprotective domains. Synthesizing data from both preclinical and early-phase clinical research, we explore its molecular mechanisms, ranging from reactive oxygen species mitigation and apoptosis induction to metabolic remodeling and neurotransmitter modulation. Special attention is given to limonene\u2019s emerging role in oncological therapeutics, notably in breast and liver cancers, and its capacity to ameliorate pathophysiological hallmarks of diabetes and neurodegeneration. Its low toxicity and high bioavailability support its potential as a safe adjunct or alternative in phytotherapy. This review advocates for continued investigation into limonene\u2019s translational potential across a spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:11:04Z","timestamp":1751429464000},"page":"6359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Applications of Limonene in Neoplasms and Non-Neoplastic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0978-8266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Rakoczy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group No. K148, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Szyma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group No. K148, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1427-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Stecko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group No. K148, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7646-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kisiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group No. K148, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Maruszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group No. K148, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Niedziela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Student Research Group No. K148, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8272-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julita","family":"Kulbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerriero, G., Berni, R., Mu\u00f1oz-Sanchez, J.A., Apone, F., Abdel-Salam, E.M., Qahtan, A.A., Alatar, A.A., Cantini, C., Cai, G., and Hausman, J.-F. 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