{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1784116433013,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of programmed cell death and plays a crucial pathogenic role in a variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases. There are two pathways leading to apoptosis, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In the intrinsic pathway, also known as the mitochondria-mediated pathway, the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress. Mitochondria account for 30% of cardiomyocyte volume, and therefore, the heart is vulnerable to apoptosis. The extrinsic pathway, also known as the death receptor-mediated pathway, is initiated by death receptors, members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene superfamily. Excessive apoptosis is involved in cardiac dysfunction in different cardiac conditions, including heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The last entity is a serious cardiac complication of patients with cirrhosis. To date, there is no effective treatment for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The conventional treatments for non-cirrhotic heart failure such as vasodilators are not applicable due to the generalized peripheral vasodilatation in cirrhotic patients. Exploring new approaches for the treatment of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is therefore of utmost importance. Since apoptosis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular conditions, anti-apoptotic treatment could potentially prevent\/attenuate the development and progression of cardiac diseases. Anti-apoptotic treatment may also apply to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The present review summarizes apoptotic mechanisms in different cardiac diseases, including cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, and potential therapies to regulate apoptosis in these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T09:57:39Z","timestamp":1751536659000},"page":"6423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Apoptosis in Cardiac Conditions Including Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Fengxue","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T8, Canada"},{"name":"Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-4420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae Gon","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T8, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University Faculty of Medicine, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Tae","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T8, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University Faculty of Medicine, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongqun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 2T8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2003.12.003","article-title":"Increased GADD153 gene expression during iron chelation-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocytes","volume":"1691","author":"Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. 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