{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:29:00Z","timestamp":1792790940387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/6-127-07\/503-61-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-127-07\/503-61-001"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ6\/00492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ6\/00492"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre in Poland","award":["503\/6-127-07\/503-61-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/6-127-07\/503-61-001"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre in Poland","award":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ6\/00492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/05\/X\/NZ6\/00492"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungi are ubiquitous organisms that are capable of transient or persistent colonization in humans. Their polymorphic nature and complex host\u2013mycobiome interactions remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence highlights the role of resident fungi in modulating immune responses and adapting to host changes, which can trigger a shift from commensalism to parasitism, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This study evaluated the effects of two major \u03b2-glucans\u2014zymosan and curdlan\u2014on the expression of pattern recognition receptors (Dectin1, Dectin2, TLR2, TLR4) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). It also examined their impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytokine\/chemokine gene expression, and antioxidant enzyme expression. Both \u03b2-glucans significantly increased the mRNA levels of all tested receptors and enhanced ROS generation. Curdlan downregulated key antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, CAT, GPX1), while zymosan markedly upregulated SOD1. These findings demonstrate that the \u03b2-glucans zymosan and curdlan have a substantial influence on PBMC reactivity and oxidative stress responses. Further studies are needed to deepen our understanding of host\u2013fungal interactions and their implications in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"6458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Fungal \u03b2-Glucans Shape Innate Immune Responses in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs): An In Vitro Study on PRR Regulation, Cytokine Expression, and Oxidative Balance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Koz\u0142owska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6759-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Agier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"R\u00f3\u017calska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Jurczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3391-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"G\u00f3ralczyk-Bi\u0144kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"\u017belechowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belvoncikova, P., Splichalova, P., Videnska, P., and Gardlik, R. (2022). The human mycobiome: Colonization, composition and the role in health and disease. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101046"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Wu, L., and Zhai, B. (2023). The mycobiome: Interactions with host and implications in diseases. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2023.102361"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440111","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2440111","article-title":"The mycobiome as integral part of the gut microbiome: Crucial role of symbiotic fungi in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.01.004","article-title":"Peripheral lymphoid volume expansion and maintenance are controlled by gut microbiota via RALDH+ dendritic cells","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12948","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12948","article-title":"New insights into immunity to skin fungi shape our understanding of health and disease","volume":"45","author":"Ruchti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00515-w","article-title":"Molding immunity-modulation of mucosal and systemic immunity by the intestinal mycobiome in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.10.020","article-title":"Fungal interactions with the human host: Exploring the spectrum of symbiosis","volume":"40","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00687-0","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.92","article-title":"Association of mannose-binding lectin levels and invasive fungal disease in hematologic malignancy patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"51","author":"Riwes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gow, N.A.R., Latge, J.P., and Munro, C.A. (2017). The fungal cell wall: Structure, biosynthesis, and function. Microbiol. Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0035-2016"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2018.03.003","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors in fungal immunity","volume":"89","author":"Patin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29474-3","article-title":"Phagosomal signalling of the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1 is terminated by intramembrane proteolysis","volume":"13","author":"Mentrup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedro, A.R.V., Lima, T., Fr\u00f3is-Martins, R., Leal, B., Ramos, I.C., Martins, E.G., Cabrita, A.R.J., Fonseca, A.J.M., Maia, M.R.G., and Vilanova, M. (2021). Dectin-1-Mediated Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Yeast \u03b2-Glucans in Bovine Monocytes. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.689879"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2012.1","article-title":"Dectin-1 isoforms contribute to distinct Th1\/Th17 cell activation in mucosal candidiasis","volume":"9","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02707-4","article-title":"Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived \u03b2-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants","volume":"70","author":"Berrevoets","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, B., Meenu, M., Liu, H., and Xu, B. (2019). A concise review on the molecular structure and function relationship of \u03b2-glucan. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20164032"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.002","article-title":"Commensal fungi in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Limon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Juzba\u0161i\u0107, M., Matijevi\u0107, T., Pustijanac, E., Beki\u0107, S., Kotris, I., and \u0160krlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans\u2014The virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200430","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760200430","article-title":"Invasive fungal disease in humans: Are we aware of the real impact?","volume":"115","author":"Firacative","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mata-Mart\u00ednez, P., Berg\u00f3n-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., and Del Fresno, C. (2022). Dectin-1 signaling update: New perspectives for trained immunity. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.812148"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1221789","article-title":"Interactions between commensal fungi and the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1","volume":"336","author":"Iliev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sam, Q.H., Chang, M.W., and Chai, L.Y. (2017). The Fungal Mycobiome and Its Interaction with Gut Bacteria in the Host. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020330"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154548","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2154548","article-title":"From intestinal colonization to systemic infections: Candida albicans translocation and dissemination","volume":"14","author":"Sprague","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koz\u0142owska, E., Brzezi\u0144ska-B\u0142aszczyk, E., Rasmus, P., and \u017belechowska, P. (2020). Fungal \u03b2-glucans and mannan stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cytokine production in Syk-dependent manner. Immunobiology, 225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.151985"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104079","article-title":"Curdlan stimulates tissue mast cells to synthesize pro-inflammatory mediators, generate ROS, and migrate via Dectin-1 receptor","volume":"351","author":"Wiktorska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4A0720-452R","article-title":"Mannan activates tissue native and IgE-sensitized mast cells to proinflammatory response and chemotaxis in TLR4-dependent manner","volume":"109","author":"Agier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-021-09183-7","article-title":"Native and IgE-primed rat peritoneal mast cells exert pro-inflammatory activity and migrate in response to yeast zymosan upon Dectin-1 engagement","volume":"69","author":"Agier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2022.06.002","article-title":"Different effectiveness of fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in activating rat peritoneal mast cells","volume":"248","author":"Agier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derkacz, D., and Krasowska, A. (2023). Alterations in the level of ergosterol in Candida albicans\u2019 plasma membrane correspond with changes in virulence and result in triggering diversed inflammatory response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043966"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Rubio, R., de Oliveira, H.C., Rivera, J., and Trevijano-Contador, N. (2020). The fungal cell wall: Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02993"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalia, N., Singh, J., and Kaur, M. (2021). The role of dectin-1 in health and disease. Immunobiology, 226.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152071"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38854","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606542200","article-title":"Dectin-2 is a pattern recognition receptor for fungi that couples with the Fc receptor gamma chain to induce innate immune responses","volume":"281","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"496","article-title":"Insoluble beta-glucan from the cell wall of Candida albicans induces immune responses of human THP-1 monocytes through Dectin-1","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glaser, K., Kern, D., Speer, C.P., Schlegel, N., Schwab, M., Thome, U.H., H\u00e4rtel, C., and Wright, C.J. (2023). Imbalanced inflammatory responses in preterm and term cord blood monocytes and expansion of the CD14+CD16+ subset upon Toll-like receptor stimulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054919"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780802641425","article-title":"TLR-2, TLR-4 and Dectin-1 expression in human monocytes and neutrophils stimulated by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis","volume":"47","author":"Bonfim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"61","article-title":"The effects of some Curdlan derivatives on Dectin-1 expression and cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"69","author":"Apetrei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Roum. Arch. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1408","article-title":"Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021890","article-title":"Dectin-1 mediates the biological effects of beta-glucans","volume":"197","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01188.x","article-title":"Dectin-1 synergizes with TLR2 and TLR4 for cytokine production in human primary monocytes and macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Ferwerda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901293","article-title":"Calcium-activated pathways and oxidative burst mediate zymosan-induced signaling and IL-10 production in human macrophages","volume":"184","author":"Kelly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.09.002","article-title":"Zymosan treatment of mouse mast cells enhances dectin-1 expression and induces dectin-1-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05498.x","article-title":"Cytokines and fungal infections","volume":"129","author":"Antachopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.57","article-title":"IL-17-mediated antifungal defense in the oral mucosa is independent of neutrophils","volume":"8","author":"Gladiator","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3897","article-title":"Immune defence against Candida fungal infections","volume":"15","author":"Netea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12938","article-title":"The role of transforming growth factor \u03b2 in T helper 17 differentiation","volume":"155","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nur, S., Sparber, F., Lemberg, C., Guiducci, E., Schweizer, T.A., Zwicky, P., Becher, B., and LeibundGut-Landmann, S. (2019). IL-23 supports host defense against systemic Candida albicans infection by ensuring myeloid cell survival. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008115"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.22","article-title":"IL-22 defines a novel immune pathway of antifungal resistance","volume":"3","author":"Zelante","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradi, A., El-Shetehy, M., Gamir, J., Austerlitz, T., Dahlin, P., Wieczorek, K., K\u00fcnzler, M., and Mauch, F. (2021). Expression of a fungal lectin in Arabidopsis enhances plant growth and resistance toward microbial pathogens and a plant-parasitic nematode. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.657451"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106649","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of an anti-IL-6 antibody in fungal keratitis: Macrophage inhibition and T cell subset regulation","volume":"85","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.006","article-title":"Candida albicans infection affords protection against reinfection via functional reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Quintin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda-Silva, F., Bianchetto-Aguilera, F., Gasperini, S., Polletti, S., Cosentino, E., Tamassia, N., and Cassatella, M.A. (2017). Human neutrophils produce CCL23 in response to various TLR-agonists and TNF\u03b1. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00176"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747224","article-title":"Impaired phagocytosis directs human monocyte activation in response to fungal derived \u03b2-glucan particles","volume":"48","author":"Camilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elder, M.J., Webster, S.J., Chee, R., Williams, D.L., Hill Gaston, J.S., and Goodall, J.C. (2017). \u03b2-Glucan size controls Dectin-1-mediated immune responses in human dendritic cells by regulating IL-1\u03b2 production. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00791"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6335","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903019","article-title":"(1,3)-beta-glucans activate both dectin-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages","volume":"184","author":"Kankkunen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.02.030","article-title":"Dectin-1 activation unlocks IL12A expression and reveals the TH1 potency of neonatal dendritic cells","volume":"136","author":"Lemoine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27203","article-title":"Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and Dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance","volume":"116","author":"Dillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2569","article-title":"Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: Shaping immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Geijtenbeek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701258","article-title":"Immunoregulatory activity of the natural product laminarin varies widely as a result of its physical properties","volume":"200","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-024406","article-title":"The beta-glucan receptor Dectin-1 functions together with TLR2 to mediate macrophage activation by mycobacteria","volume":"108","author":"Yadav","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.1146","article-title":"Differential use of CARD9 by Dectin-1 in macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"182","author":"Goodridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrocki, S., Kielnierowski, G., Rudnicka, W., Seweryn, M., and Druszczynska, M. (2020). Interleukin-18, functional IL-18 receptor and IL-18 binding protein expression in active and latent tuberculosis. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060451"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandori, W.J., Lima, T.S., Mallya, S., Kao, T.H., Gov, L., and Lodoen, M.B. (2019). Toxoplasma gondii activates a Syk-CARD9-NF-\u03baB signaling axis and gasdermin D-independent release of IL-1\u03b2 during infection of primary human monocytes. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007923"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rego, C.M.A., Francisco, A.F., Boeno, C.N., Paloschi, M.V., Lopes, J.A., Silva, M.D.S., Santana, H.M., Serrath, S.N., Rodrigues, J.E., and Lemos, C.T.L. (2022). Inflammasome NLRP3 activation induced by Convulxin, a C-type lectin-like isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08735-7"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1414","article-title":"Heme induces mRNA expression and activation of tissue factor by TLR4-dependent mechanisms","volume":"247","author":"Hounkpe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01791.x","article-title":"Activation and translocation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase after stimulation of monocytes with contact sensitizers","volume":"119","author":"Brand","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6458\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:04:33Z","timestamp":1760033073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26136458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26136458","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]}}}