{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:44:23Z","timestamp":1792115063309,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota has emerged as a key area of biomedical research due to its integral role in maintaining host health and its involvement in the pathogenesis of many systemic diseases. Growing evidence supports the notion that gut dysbiosis contributes significantly to diseases and their progression. An example would be inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a group of conditions that cause inflammation and swelling of the digestive tract, with the principal types being ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD). Another notable disease with significant association to gut dysbiosis would be colorectal cancer (CRC), a malignancy which typically begins as polyps in the colon or rectum, but has the potential to metastasise to other parts of the body, including the liver and lungs, among others. Concurrently, advances in nanomedicine, an evolving field that applies nanotechnology for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, have opened new avenues for targeted and efficient therapeutic strategies. In this paper, we provide an overview of the gut microbiota and the implications of its dysregulation in human disease. We then review the emerging nanotechnology-based approaches for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, with a particular focus on their applications in IBD and CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"6465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nanomedicine Strategies in the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9476-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asia Xiao Xuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5264-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon Yen Chow","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9188-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarini","family":"Dinesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh Kumar","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gritz, E.C., and Bhandari, V. (2015). The human neonatal gut microbiome: A brief review. Front. Pediatr., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2015.00017"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-020-01474-7","article-title":"Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: A review","volume":"113","author":"Gomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badal, V.D., Vaccariello, E.D., Murray, E.R., Yu, K.E., Knight, R., Jeste, D.V., and Nguyen, T.T. (2020). The gut microbiome, aging, and longevity: A systematic review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123759"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Q., and Liu, Q. (2021). Factors affecting gut microbiome in daily diet. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.644138"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumbhare, S.V., Patangia, D.V.V., Patil, R.H., Shouche, Y.S., and Patil, N.P. (2019). Factors influencing the gut microbiome in children: From infancy to childhood. J. Biosci., 44.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-019-9860-z"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.10.012","article-title":"Defining a healthy human gut microbiome: Current concepts, future directions, and clinical applications","volume":"12","author":"Fraser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G327","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00422.2010","article-title":"Importance and regulation of the colonic mucus barrier in a mouse model of colitis","volume":"300","author":"Petersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18849","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut","volume":"535","author":"Sperandio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.05.023","article-title":"Rapidly expanding knowledge on the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease","volume":"1842","author":"Matzaraki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000008","article-title":"Microbiome and mucosal inflammation as extra-articular triggers for rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmunity","volume":"26","author":"Brusca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiya, D., and Nigam, P.S. (2023). Antibiotic-therapy-induced gut dysbiosis affecting gut microbiota-brain axis and cognition: Restoration by intake of probiotics and synbiotics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043074"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0061-2","article-title":"You are what you eat: Diet, health and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Zmora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.7","article-title":"Dysbiosis and the immune system","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandel, N., Maile, A., Shrivastava, S., Verma, A.K., and Thakur, V. (2024). Establishment and perturbation of human gut microbiome: Common trends and variations between Indian and global populations. Gut Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1017\/gmb.2024.6"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareek, S., Kurakawa, T., Das, B., Motooka, D., Nakaya, S., Rongsen-Chandola, T., Goyal, N., Kayama, H., Dodd, D., and Okumura, R. (2019). Comparison of Japanese and Indian intestinal microbiota shows diet-dependent interaction between bacteria and fungi. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-019-0110-9"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"26191","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease","volume":"26","author":"Carding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3430","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease","volume":"13","author":"Kamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020","article-title":"Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection","volume":"131","author":"Velcich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz061","article-title":"Negative effects of a high-fat diet on intestinal permeability: A review","volume":"11","author":"Rohr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000087107","article-title":"Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation","volume":"108","author":"Dethlefsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dethlefsen, L., Huse, S., Sogin, M.L., and Relman, D.A. (2008). The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060280"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303184","article-title":"Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: A multi-omic approach","volume":"62","author":"Gosalbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.10.052","article-title":"Xenobiotics shape the physiology and gene expression of the active human gut microbiome","volume":"152","author":"Maurice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.25321","article-title":"Functional consequences of microbial shifts in the human gastrointestinal tract linked to antibiotic treatment and obesity","volume":"4","author":"Bargiela","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francino, M.P. (2016). Antibiotics and the human gut microbiome: Dysbioses and accumulation of resistances. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01543"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.02.020","article-title":"Cognitive impairment by antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis: Analysis of gut microbiota-brain communication","volume":"56","author":"Farzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Faintuch, J., and Faintuch, S. (2018). Microbiome and gut dysbiosis. Precision Medicine for Investigators, Practitioners and Providers, Springer. Experientia Supplementum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60750-8","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Cause and immunobiology","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32833f1195","article-title":"The role of mucosal immunity and host genetics in defining intestinal commensal bacteria","volume":"26","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, X.C., Tickle, T.L., Sokol, H., Gevers, D., Devaney, K.L., Ward, D.V., Reyes, J.A., Shah, S.A., LeLeiko, N., and Snapper, S.B. (2012). Dysfunction of the intestinal microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease and treatment. Genome Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-9-r79"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302137","article-title":"Dysbiosis modulates capacity for bile acid modification in the gut microbiomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A mechanism and marker of disease?","volume":"61","author":"Ogilvie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302578","article-title":"Connecting dysbiosis, bile-acid dysmetabolism and gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"62","author":"Duboc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt300","article-title":"Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer","volume":"105","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000380892","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Tumors"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004934","article-title":"Oral inoculation of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM suppresses tumour growth both in segmental orthotopic colon cancer and extra-intestinal tissue","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i2.501","article-title":"Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Raisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400204","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolism and colon cancer: Can manipulations of the microbiota be useful in the management of gastrointestinal health?","volume":"37","author":"Belcheva","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.10.025","article-title":"Diet-Microbiota Interactions Mediate Global Epigenetic Programming in Multiple Host Tissues","volume":"64","author":"Krautkramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.04.051","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolism drives transformation of MSH2-deficient colon epithelial cells","volume":"158","author":"Belcheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.20497","article-title":"Linking Gut Microbiota to Colorectal Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Raskov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.007","article-title":"Microbes, microbiota, and colon cancer","volume":"15","author":"Sears","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i9.1142","article-title":"Conventional therapy for moderate to severe inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic literature review","volume":"25","author":"Carlos","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70575-8","article-title":"Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)","volume":"63","author":"Pithadia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)30108-0","article-title":"Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"78","author":"Hanauer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2018.1469144","article-title":"Current, experimental, and future treatments in inflammatory bowel disease: A clinical review","volume":"40","author":"Hvas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03069.x","article-title":"Review article: Mode of action and delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid\u2014New evidence","volume":"24","author":"Desreumaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-2813.2004.01827.x","article-title":"Systematic review: Short-term adverse effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid agents in the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"19","author":"Bjorkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1340936","article-title":"The safety of non-biological treatments in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"16","author":"Troncone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.012","article-title":"Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"134","author":"Toruner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-2-199507150-00009","article-title":"Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine in Crohn disease. A meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Pearson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00382-2","article-title":"Infliximab but not etanercept induces apoptosis in lamina propria T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Braat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.28702","article-title":"Infliximab induces apoptosis in monocytes from patients with chronic active Crohn\u2019s disease by using a caspase-dependent pathway","volume":"121","author":"Schmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.069","article-title":"Functional modulation of Crohn\u2019s disease myofibroblasts by anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies","volume":"133","author":"Pender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.27","article-title":"Mucosal gene expression of cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease before and after infliximab treatment","volume":"106","author":"Arijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21818","article-title":"Regulatory macrophages induced by infliximab are involved in healing in vivo and in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01638.x","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha binding capacity and anti-infliximab antibodies measured by fluid-phase radioimmunoassays as predictors of clinical efficacy of infliximab in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2809","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2809","article-title":"Association between tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitors and risk of serious infections in people with inflammatory bowel disease: Nationwide Danish cohort study","volume":"350","author":"Pasternak","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602773","article-title":"Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"375","author":"Feagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900750","article-title":"Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"381","author":"Sands","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.08.011","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation: Review and update","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19019","article-title":"Perspectives on current and novel treatments for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Na","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2022_89-310","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer: A review","volume":"89","author":"Shinji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nippon. Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.6453","article-title":"Urgent need for a new staging system in advanced colorectal cancer","volume":"26","author":"Poston","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"2491","article-title":"Recent insights into nanotechnology development for detection and treatment of colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Viswanath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12153","article-title":"Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future","volume":"3","author":"Yau","year":"2019","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm2010001","article-title":"Personalized medicine and cancer","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13257","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08675","article-title":"What do we mean when we say nanomedicine?","volume":"16","author":"Nel","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"297","article-title":"Nanomedicine: Diagnosis, treatment, and potential prospects","volume":"1","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanosci. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200802585","article-title":"Nanomedicine\u2014Challenge and perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Riehemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brydges, C.R., Fiehn, O., Mayberg, H.S., Schreiber, H., Dehkordi, S.M., Bhattacharyya, S., Cha, J., Choi, K.S., Craighead, W.E., and Krishnan, R.R. (2021). Mood Disorders Precision Medicine Consortium. Indoxyl sulfate, a gut microbiome-derived uremic toxin, is associated with psychic anxiety and its functional magnetic resonance imaging-based neurologic signature. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99845-1"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-020-01459-w","article-title":"Anthraquinone-containing compound in rhubarb prevents indole production via functional changes in gut microbiota","volume":"75","author":"Takayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Xu, K., Liu, H., Liu, G., Bai, M., Peng, C., Li, T., and Yin, Y. (2018). Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13452","article-title":"Diet, gut microbiome and indoxyl sulphate in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.11.032","article-title":"Application of a nanotip array-based electrochemical sensing platform for detection of indole derivatives as key indicators of gut microbiota health","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c00769","article-title":"Development of a highly sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry quantitation method for fecal bile acids and application on Crohn\u2019s disease studies","volume":"69","author":"Reiter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Sun, X., Khalsa, A.S., Bailey, M.T., Kelleher, K., Spees, C., and Zhu, J. (2021). Accurate and reliable quantitation of short chain fatty acids from human feces by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 200.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114066"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-019-02263-6","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of perfluoroalkyl substances and bile acids in human serum using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"412","author":"Dickens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201915046","article-title":"Paper-based ratiometric fluorescence analytical devices towards point-of-care testing of human serum albumin","volume":"59","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605810","article-title":"Detection of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers from exhaled breath using a single array of nanosensors","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13122254","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: MR- and SPECT\/CT-based macrophage imaging for monitoring and evaluating disease activity in experimental mouse model\u2014Pilot study","volume":"271","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10187","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03457","article-title":"Dextran-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles: A computed tomography contrast agent for imaging the gastrointestinal tract and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Naha","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05278","article-title":"In vivo imaging of hypoxia associated with inflammatory bowel disease by a cytoplasmic protein-powered fluorescence cascade amplifier","volume":"92","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13276","article-title":"Mechano-growth factor expression in colorectal cancer investigated with fluorescent gold nanoparticles","volume":"39","author":"Alagaratnam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perumal, K., Ahmad, S., Mohd-Zahid, M.H., Wan Hanaffi, W.N., Alias, I.Z., Six, J.L., Ferji, K., Jaafar, J., Boer, J.C., and Plebanski, M. (2021). Nanoparticles and gut microbiota in colorectal cancer. Front. Nanotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.681760"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102189","article-title":"NIR-quantum dots in biomedical imaging and their future","volume":"24","author":"Gil","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Wang, J., Chen, H., Shen, W., Sinko, P.J., Dong, H., Zhao, R., Lu, Y., Zhu, Y., and Jia, L. (2015). Multivalent conjugation of antibody to dendrimers for the enhanced capture and regulation on colon cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09445"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s42247-021-00335-x","article-title":"Review on metal nanoparticles as nanocarriers: Current challenges and perspectives in drug delivery systems","volume":"5","author":"Chandrakala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.9.1191","article-title":"Increased production of luminol enhanced chemiluminescence by the inflamed colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"34","author":"Sedghi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00222","article-title":"Emerging Nanotechnologies and Microbiome Engineering for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"19","author":"Abed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2010.08.011","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of 5-ASA compounds in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"39","author":"Sonu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104520","article-title":"Functionalization of ginger derived nanoparticles with chitosan to design drug delivery system for controlled release of 5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) in treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: An in vitro study","volume":"149","author":"Markam","year":"2020","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180491","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0491","article-title":"Electrosprayed microparticles for intestinal delivery of prednisolone","volume":"15","author":"Shams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.8b01173","article-title":"Rational design of polyphenol-poloxamer nanovesicles for targeting inflammatory bowel disease therapy","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1358","article-title":"Targeting cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment: Opportunities and challenges in combinatorial nanomedicine","volume":"8","author":"Linton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.11.009","article-title":"pH-sensitive nano-systems for drug delivery in cancer therapy","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Z., Wu, X., Peng, L., Yu, N., Gou, G., Zuo, W., and Yang, J. (2023). pH-responsive bufadienolides nanocrystals decorated by chitosan quaternary ammonium salt for treating colon cancer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124819"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, P., Zhou, Q., Zhu, H., Zhuang, Y., and Bao, J. (2020). Enhanced antitumor efficacy in colon cancer using EGF functionalized PLGA nanoparticles loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and perfluorocarbon. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06803-7"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123228","article-title":"Enhanced cancer therapy of celastrol in vitro and in vivo by smart dendrimers delivery with specificity and biosafety","volume":"383","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012615-044438","article-title":"Cancer Stem Cells: Basic Concepts and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"11","author":"Nassar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11718-4","article-title":"Tumor exosome-based nanoparticles are efficient drug carriers for chemotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Yong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabaghi, M., Rasa, S.M.M., Cirri, E., Ori, A., Neri, F., Quaas, R., and Hilger, I. (2021). Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Carrying 5-Fluorouracil in Combination with Magnetic Hyperthermia Induce Thrombogenic Collagen Fibers, Cellular Stress, and Immune Responses in Heterotopic Human Colon Cancer in Mice. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101625"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(01)00179-2","article-title":"The cellular and molecular basis of hyperthermia","volume":"43","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(86)90058-1","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia, 5-fluorouracil and their combination on a human leukemia T-lymphoblast cell line, CCRF-CEM","volume":"22","author":"Mini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2016.1243260","article-title":"Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia and 5-fluorouracil-loaded magnetic nanoparticles on human colon cancer cell line HT-29","volume":"33","author":"Eynali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyperth."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, N., Chen, L., Huang, W., Gao, Z., and Jin, M. (2024). Current Advances of Nanomaterial-Based Oral Drug Delivery for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14070557"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b02261","article-title":"Magnetic Drug Targeting: Preclinical in Vivo Studies, Mathematical Modeling, and Extrapolation to Humans","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.04.052","article-title":"Magnetically driven drug delivery systems improving targeted immunotherapy for colon-rectal cancer","volume":"280","author":"Grifantini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.34172\/PS.2024.9","article-title":"Improved Biological Impacts of anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibody in KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer Cells by Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticle Conjugation","volume":"30","author":"Yousefi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6681","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319370011","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in human skin epithelial and lung epithelial cell lines","volume":"19","author":"Ahamed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Guan, X., Zhang, W., and Ma, J. (2021). Recent advances in selective photothermal therapy of tumor. J. Nanobiotechnol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01080-3"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CS00618K","article-title":"Photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging via nanotheranostics in fighting cancer","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, W., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Wei, G., and Su, Z. (2019). Biomedical and bioactive engineered nanomaterials for targeted tumor photothermal therapy: A review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109891"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"e200","article-title":"A Review on the Scope of Photothermal Therapy-Based Nanomedicines in Preclinical Models of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Khot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Color. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.02.004","article-title":"Photo-thermal tumor ablation in mice using near infrared-absorbing nanoparticles","volume":"209","author":"Hirsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100050","article-title":"PAA-derived gold nanorods for cellular targeting and photothermal therapy","volume":"11","author":"Kirui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodrich, G.P., Bao, L., Gill-Sharp, K., Sang, K.L., Wang, J., and Payne, J.D. (2010). Photothermal therapy in a murine colon cancer model using near-infrared absorbing gold nanorods. J. Biomed. Opt., 15.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3290817"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, A., Madani, S.Y., Rajadas, J., Pastorin, G., and Seifalian, A.M. (2012). Synergistic photothermal ablative effects of functionalizing carbon nanotubes with a POSS-PCU nanocomposite polymer. J. Nanobiotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-10-34"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-013-1649-7","article-title":"Quantifying folic acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes bound to colorectal cancer cells for improved photothermal ablation","volume":"15","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.051","article-title":"Photothermal therapy mediated by gold nanocages composed of anti-PDL1 and galunisertib for improved synergistic immunotherapy in colorectal cancer","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10059","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10059","article-title":"An endoscope with integrated transparent bioelectronics and theranostic nanoparticles for colon cancer treatment","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durazzo, A., Nazhand, A., Lucarini, M., Atanasov, A.G., Souto, E.B., Novellino, E., Capasso, R., and Santini, A. (2020). An Updated Overview on Nanonutraceuticals: Focus on Nanoprebiotics and Nanoprobiotics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072285"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10654","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and drug delivery applications of pectin and its modified nanocomposites","volume":"8","author":"Kedir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141adniak, A., Jurak, M., Palusi\u0144ska-Szysz, M., and Wi\u0105cek, A.E. (2022). The Influence of Polysaccharides\/TiO2 on the Model Membranes of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol and Bacterial Lipids. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020343"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafernik, K., \u0141adniak, A., Blicharska, E., Czarnek, K., Ekiert, H., Wi\u0105cek, A.E., and Szopa, A. (2023). Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles as Effective Drug Delivery Systems-A review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041963"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Cheng, Y., Cui, L., Yang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Chen, K., Zhao, C., He, N., and Li, S. (2024). Combining Gut Microbiota Modulation and Enzymatic-Triggered Colonic Delivery by Prebiotic Nanoparticles Improves Mouse Colitis Therapy. Biomater. Res., 28.","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0062"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.03.060","article-title":"Self-assembled high molecular weight inulin nanoparticles: Enzymatic synthesis, physicochemical and biological properties","volume":"215","author":"Goycoolea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, W.S., Han, G.G., Hong, L., Kang, S.K., Shokouhimehr, M., Choi, Y.J., and Cho, C.S. (2019). Novel production of natural bacteriocin via internalization of dextran nanoparticles into probiotics. Biomaterials, 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119360"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106338","article-title":"Development of active antimicrobial poly (l-glutamic) acid-poly (l-lysine) packaging material to protect probiotic bacterium","volume":"83","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09530-z","article-title":"Characterization of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its In Vitro Assessment Against Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"12","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1573413715666190318155801","article-title":"Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Lactobacillus casei subsp. Casei and its anticancer and antibacterial activities","volume":"16","author":"Kouhkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.04.110","article-title":"Preparation, characteristics and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides and proteins-capped selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393","volume":"195","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Guo, Y., Qiao, L., Ma, L., Cheng, Y., and Roman, A. (2018). Biogenic Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and Its Protective Effects on Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01129"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.3577","article-title":"Dead Nano-Sized Lactobacillus plantarum Inhibits Azoxymethane\/Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colon Cancer in Balb\/c Mice","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2016.08.018","article-title":"Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles with antioxidant activity by probiotic Lactobacillus kimchicus DCY51T isolated from Korean kimchi","volume":"95","author":"Markus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, L., Lee, S.M., Kim, W.S., Choi, Y.J., Oh, S.H., Li, Y.L., Choi, S.H., Chung, D.H., Jung, E., and Kang, S.K. (2021). Synbiotics Containing Nanoprebiotics: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Gut Dysbiosis. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.715241"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114003","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab4d1a","article-title":"Formulation of protein based inulin incorporated synbiotic nanoemulsion for enhanced stability of probiotic","volume":"6","author":"Krithika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2015.1134688","article-title":"A prebiotic matrix for encapsulation of probiotics: Physicochemical and microbiological study","volume":"33","author":"Atia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301585","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301585","article-title":"Efficient therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with highly specific and durable targeted Ta2C modified with chondroitin sulfate (TACS)","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabj2372","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj2372","article-title":"A nanoparticulate dual scavenger for targeted therapy of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1028","article-title":"TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome","volume":"5","author":"Latz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.08.004","article-title":"GLP-1 nanomedicine alleviates gut inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Anbazhagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0462-9","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-bilirubin nanomedicine for targeted modulation of dysregulated intestinal barrier, microbiome and immune responses in colitis","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2021-0167","article-title":"Micro- and nanotechnological delivery platforms for treatment of dysbiosis-related inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0589-5","article-title":"Nanotechnology intervention of the microbiome for cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Deeb, B.A., Faheem, G.G., and Bakhit, M.S. (2025). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Talaromyces funiculosus for therapeutic applications and safety evaluation. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95899-7"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28645","article-title":"IOP injection, a novel superparamagnetic iron oxide particle MRI contrast agent for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A phase II clinical trial","volume":"58","author":"Chiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113899","article-title":"Nanotechnologies for the delivery of biologicals: Historical perspective and current landscape","volume":"176","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, H.S., and Choi, K.Y. (2021). Advances in nanomaterial-mediated photothermal cancer therapies: Toward clinical applications. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9030305"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2025.115604","article-title":"Advances in photoactivated carbon-based nanostructured materials for targeted cancer therapy","volume":"222","author":"Eftekharifar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrero de la Parte, B., Rodrigo, I., Guti\u00e9rrez-Basoa, J., Iturrizaga Correcher, S., Mar Medina, C., Echevarr\u00eda-Uraga, J.J., Garcia, J.A., Plazaola, F., and Garc\u00eda-Alonso, I. (2022). Proposal of new safety limits for in vivo experiments of magnetic hyperthermia antitumor therapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133084"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00656-1","article-title":"Developments in nanotechnology approaches for the treatment of solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Venturini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.047","article-title":"Facilitating the translation of nanomedicines to a clinical product: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Agrahari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-025-01292-3","article-title":"Therapeutic applications and potential biological barriers of nano-delivery systems in common gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6465\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:04:42Z","timestamp":1760033082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26136465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26136465","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]}}}