{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:42:35Z","timestamp":1791250955142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide, and most of them are connected with atherosclerosis (AS). Hypertension (HT), hyperlipidemia (HPL), and hyperglycaemia (HG) are the main risk factors responsible for CVD and have become a significant public health issue. AS might be a prime causative factor in CVD, and it originates from endothelial cell dysfunction. On the other hand, the factors mentioned above might cause endothelial cell damage as a consequence of endothelial dysfunction (ED) or might be regarded as a consequence of ED. Thus, endothelial cells are critical for maintaining vascular health and homeostasis, and their function is a key contributor to the initiation and progression of AS. The autoregulation of microcirculation, which is functionally present in the brain and kidneys, and from the physiological and pathophysiological point of view, is of high importance to preserve the proper function of the endothelium of blood vessels. The key factor responsible for cardiovascular system regulation and proper action is nitric oxide (NO). Disturbances in NO synthesis and\/or bioavailability, caused by oxidative stress and\/or inflammation, accompany or even precede diseases such as HT, angiogenesis-associated disorders, HPL, and HG, which are on the pathway of AS development. In the present review, we attempted to synthesize recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of multifactorial-related AS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"6467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dysfunction of Microcirculation in Atherosclerosis: Implications of Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-7662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Aleksandrowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 A. Pawi\u0144skiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Konop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawi\u0144skiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Rybka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawi\u0144skiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawi\u0144skiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Stradczuk-Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawi\u0144skiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Kciuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"B\u0105dzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 A. 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