{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:44:07Z","timestamp":1790646247841,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00251396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251396"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2025-02292973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02292973"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion (KIMST)","award":["RS-2023-00251396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251396"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Marine Science &amp; Technology Promotion (KIMST)","award":["RS-2025-02292973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02292973"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common gardening herbicides and fertilizers are crucial for weed control and plant growth, yet they may have potentially harmful impacts on neurological health. This review explored the possible effects of these chemicals on neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The mode of action of several frequently used gardening chemicals (paraquat, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: 2,4-D, and ammonium chloride) in AD and PD has been highlighted. The mechanisms involved are glutamate excitotoxicity, dopaminergic pathway disruption, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and gut\u2013brain-axis dysregulation, crucial in the pathophysiology of AD and PD. Although the links between these substances and neurodegenerative conditions remained to be seen, growing evidence indicated their detrimental effects on brain health. This highlights the need for further research to understand their long-term consequences and develop effective interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of commonly used chemicals on human health and the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"6468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Soil to Synapse: Molecular Insights into the Neurotoxicity of Common Gardening Chemicals in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Soo A.","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12694","article-title":"Global estimates on the number of persons across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum","volume":"19","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez, L.B. 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