{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:13:10Z","timestamp":1787962390440,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cervical cancer (CC) is the gynecological cancer with the highest incidence and mortality worldwide. High-risk oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) genotypes 16 and 18 are the primary risk factors for developing this female neoplasm, with them being the etiological agents of 70% of cervical cancers. Despite the availability of various prevention strategies, laboratory tests capable of detecting the disease in its previous and early stages, and multiple treatment schemes, CC incidence and mortality rates remain high, due in part to the population\u2019s rejection or disinterest in the current type of sampling. An alternative that could encourage women to take better care of their gynecological health is the availability of tests that detect biomarkers in non-cervical samples with high sensitivity and specificity. The detection of biomarkers in non-cervical samples (blood, serum, plasma, urine, and vaginal fluids) may help reduce the discomfort associated with cervical sampling in patients, therefore promoting gynecological healthcare. This review discusses current diagnostic methods and recent advances in CC biomarkers detected in non-cervical samples, emphasizing their potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and patient monitoring. We further discuss the challenges and future perspectives of applying these biomarkers in clinical practice. The results of this review show that there is a considerable range of biomarkers proposed as alternative tools with high efficacy. Their identification in previous stages of the disease and routinely in non-cervical samples could help reduce the incidence and mortality rates of CC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"6502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cervical Cancer Biomarkers in Non-Cervical Samples: Emerging Tools for Diagnosis and Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"M\u00e9lida del Rosario","family":"Lizarazo-Taborda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6779-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisol","family":"God\u00ednez-Rub\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda Diagn\u00f3stica e Inmunohistoqu\u00edmica, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Diagn\u00f3stico en Patolog\u00eda, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"N\u00fanez-Avellaneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n Adjunta de Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Vinculaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n, Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Ram\u00edrez-de-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Pereira-Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0015-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Villegas-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en C\u00e1ncer e Infecciones, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ferlay, J., Ervik, M., Lam, F., Laversanne, M., Colombet, M., Mery, L., Pi\u00f1eros, M., Znaor, A., Soerjomataram, I., and Bray, F. (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today, (Version 1.1), International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/today."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2050","article-title":"The Natural History of Cervical HPV Infection: Unresolved Issues","volume":"7","author":"Woodman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7690","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202953","article-title":"The Role of the E6-P53 Interaction in the Molecular Pathogenesis of HPV","volume":"18","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2014.12.041","article-title":"Overview of High-Risk HPV\u2019s 16 and 18 Infected Cervical Cancer: Pathogenesis to Prevention","volume":"70","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vats, A., Trejo-Cerro, O., Massimi, P., and Banks, L. (2022). Regulation of HPV E7 Stability by E6-Associated Protein (E6AP). J. Virol., 96.","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00663-22"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11235","article-title":"Correlation of Cervical Carcinoma and Precancerous Lesions with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotypes Detected with the HPV DNA Chip Microarray Method","volume":"97","author":"An","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayo, T.T., Imtiaz, R., Doan, H.Q., Sambrano, B.L., Gordon, R., Ramirez-Fort, M.K., and Tyring, S.K. (2014). Human Papillomavirus: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Related Cancer. Viruses and Human Cancer, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0870-7_9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Burd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) (2024, July 01). Cervical Cancer: Diagnosis. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/cervical-cancer\/diagnosis."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2024, September 01). Cervical Cancer Diagnosis, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/cervical\/diagnosis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0350","article-title":"Non-Speculum Sampling Approaches for Cervical Screening in Older Women: Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"72","author":"Landy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d8rnskov, D., Jochumsen, K., Steiner, P.H., Grunnet, I.M., Lykkebo, A.W., and Waldstr\u00f8m, M. (2021). Clinical Performance and Acceptability of Self-Collected Vaginal and Urine Samples Compared with Clinician-Taken Cervical Samples for HPV Testing among Women Referred for Colposcopy. A Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ Open, 11.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041512"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afsah, Y.R., and Kaneko, N. (2023). Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening Faced by Immigrant Muslim Women: A Systematic Scoping Review. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17309-9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerrero-Flores, H., Apresa-Garc\u00eda, T., Garay-Villar, \u00d3., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, A., Flores-Villegas, D., Bandera-Calder\u00f3n, A., Garc\u00eda-Palacios, R., Rojas-S\u00e1nchez, T., Romero-Morelos, P., and S\u00e1nchez-Albor, V. (2017). A Non-Invasive Tool for Detecting Cervical Cancer Odor by Trained Scent Dogs. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2996-4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, I., Nam, M., Kwon, M., Seo, S., Jung, S., Han, J.S., Hwang, G.-S., and Kim, M.K. (2019). LC\/MS-Based Polar Metabolite Profiling Identified Unique Biomarker Signatures for Cervical Cancer and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Using Global and Targeted Metabolomics. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040511"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakabayashi, M., Kawashima, A., Yasuhara, R., Hayakawa, Y., Miyamoto, S., Iizuka, C., and Sekizawa, A. (2018). Massively Parallel Sequencing of Cell-Free DNA in Plasma for Detecting Gynaecological Tumour-Associated Copy Number Alteration. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29381-y"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrioaie, I.M., Luchian, I., D\u0103mian, C., Nichitean, G., Andrese, E.P., Pantilimonescu, T.F., Trandab\u0103\u021b, B., Prisacariu, L.J., Budal\u0103, D.G., and Dimitriu, D.C. (2023). The Clinical Utility of Circulating HPV DNA Biomarker in Oropharyngeal, Cervical, Anal, and Skin HPV-Related Cancers: A Review. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070908"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y., Chae, D.-K., Lee, S.-H., Lim, Y., An, J., Chae, C.H., Kim, B.C., Bhak, J., Bolser, D., and Cho, D.-H. (2020). Efficient Mutation Screening for Cervical Cancers from Circulating Tumor DNA in Blood. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07161-0"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5106","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.51141","article-title":"6 Circulating MiRNAs Can Be Used as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for the Detection of Cervical Lesions","volume":"12","author":"Ning","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2016.875","article-title":"Profiling Analysis of Circulating MicroRNA Expression in Cervical Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Nagamitsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-190256","article-title":"Circulating Plasma MicroRNA Signature for the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, F., Xu, D., Guo, Y., and Cui, W. (2015). Serum MiRNAs Panel (MiR-16-2*, MiR-195, MiR-2861, MiR-497) as Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Detection of Cervical Cancer. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17942"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4846","article-title":"A Circulating Serum MiRNA Panel as Early Detection Biomarkers of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia","volume":"20","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aftab, M., Poojary, S.S., Seshan, V., Kumar, S., Agarwal, P., Tandon, S., Zutshi, V., and Das, B.C. (2021). Urine miRNA Signature as a Potential Non-Invasive Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89388-w"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00618-6","article-title":"Exosome-Derived MiR-142-5p Remodels Lymphatic Vessels and Induces IDO to Promote Immune Privilege in the Tumour Microenvironment","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Long, L., Xiao, H., and He, X. (2021). Cancer-Derived Exosomal MiR-651 as a Diagnostic Marker Restrains Cisplatin Resistance and Directly Targets ATG3 for Cervical Cancer. Dis. Markers, 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1544784"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9495","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S259586","article-title":"Serum LncRNAs (CCAT2, LINC01133, LINC00511) with Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen Panel as Novel Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Detection of Cervical Squamous Carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Identification of Biomarkers for Cervical Cancer in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays","volume":"123","author":"Sheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3123","article-title":"TPM3: A Novel Prognostic Biomarker of Cervical Cancer That Correlates with Immune Infiltration and Promotes Malignant Behavior In Vivo and In Vitro","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Zheng, J., Cui, Z., Li, Y., Wu, Q., Cai, X., Zheng, C., and Sun, Y. (2023). FBXO5 Acts as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker for Patients with Cervical Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1200197"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awazu, Y., Fukuda, T., Noda, T., Uchikura, E., Nanno, S., Imai, K., Yamauchi, M., Yasui, T., and Sumi, T. (2023). CLPTM1L Expression Predicts Recurrence of Patients with Intermediate- and High-risk Stage IB-IIB Cervical Cancer Undergoing Radical Hysterectomy Followed by TP as Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Oncol. Lett., 26.","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2023.13939"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220978899","article-title":"Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Circulating Human Papillomavirus E7 Cell-Free DNA as a Cervical Cancer Biomarker","volume":"246","author":"Rungkamoltip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21696","article-title":"A Versatile Nanowire Platform for Highly Efficient Isolation and Direct PCR-Free Colorimetric Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA from Unprocessed Urine","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02233-x","article-title":"Detection of Circulating Cell-Free HPV DNA of 13 HPV Types for Patients with Cervical Cancer as Potential Biomarker to Monitor Therapy Response and to Detect Relapse","volume":"128","author":"Mittelstadt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabel, L., Bonneau, C., Bernard-Tessier, A., H\u00e9quet, D., Tran-Perennou, C., Bataillon, G., Rouzier, R., F\u00e9ron, J.-G., Fourchotte, V., and Le Brun, J.-F. (2021). HPV CtDNA Detection of High-Risk HPV Types during Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer. ESMO Open, 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100154"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5869","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0625","article-title":"Circulating HPV DNA as a Marker for Early Detection of Relapse in Patients with Cervical Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Jeannot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2018.04.004","article-title":"Volatolome of the Female Genitourinary Area: Toward the Metabolome of Cervical Cancer","volume":"49","author":"Rosales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"do Nascimento Medeiros, J.A., Sarmento, A.C.A., Bernardes-Oliveira, E., de Oliveira, R., Lima, M.E.G.B., Gon\u00e7alves, A.K., de Souza Dantas, D., and de Oliveira Crispim, J.C. (2023). Evaluation of Exosomal MiRNA as Potential Biomarkers in Cervical Cancer. Epigenomes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes7030016"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Hou, L., Ma, Y., Zhou, L., Wang, F., Cheng, B., Wang, W., Lu, B., Liu, P., and Lu, W. (2019). Exosomal Let-7d-3p and MiR-30d-5p as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Non-Invasive Screening of Cervical Cancer and Its Precursors. Mol. Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0999-x"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12523","article-title":"Identification of Reference Genes for Circulating Long Noncoding RNA Analysis in Serum of Cervical Cancer Patients","volume":"8","author":"Iempridee","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Liu, J., Lyu, Q., Huang, J., Chen, Y., Feng, C., Liu, Y., Chen, F., and Wang, Z. (2023). Disulfidptosis-Associated LncRNAs Index Predicts Prognosis and Chemotherapy Drugs Sensitivity in Cervical Cancer. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39669-3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.07.014","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus-Mediated Expression of Complement Regulatory Proteins in Human Cervical Cancer Cells","volume":"288","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obs. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detsika, M.G., Palamaris, K., Dimopoulou, I., Kotanidou, A., and Orfanos, S.E. (2024). The Complement Cascade in Lung Injury and Disease. Respir. Res., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02657-2"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307200101","article-title":"Complement Regulation at the Molecular Level: The Structure of Decay-Accelerating Factor","volume":"101","author":"Lukacik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couves, E.C., Gardner, S., Voisin, T.B., Bickel, J.K., Stansfeld, P.J., Tate, E.W., and Bubeck, D. (2023). Structural Basis for Membrane Attack Complex Inhibition by CD59. Nat. Commun., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36441-z"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"141","article-title":"Relationship between the Expression of Complement Inhibitory Proteins and Therapeutic Efficacy of Antibodies in Breast Cancer","volume":"158","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., Xiao, Y., Ma, C., Wang, J., Qian, X., Wu, X., Zhu, F., Sun, S., and Qian, J. (2023). Lumican Is a Potential Predictor on the Efficacy of Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Heliyon, 9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18011"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine (NLM) (2024, September 08). CCT3 Chaperonin Containing TCP1 Subunit 3 [Homo Sapiens (Human)], Gene ID: 7203, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene\/7203."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., He, J., Tu, C., Xu, H., Zhang, X., Lv, Y., and Song, C. (2022). Upregulation of CCT3 Predicts Poor Prognosis and Promotes Cell Proliferation via Inhibition of Ferroptosis and Activation of AKT Signaling in Lung Adenocarcinoma. BMC Mol. Cell Biol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-022-00424-7"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liu, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Cheng, Z., and Fan, C. (2021). Identification of CCT3 as a Prognostic Factor and Correlates with Cell Survival and Invasion of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biosci. Rep., 41.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20211137"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"563","article-title":"High Expression of Chaperonin-Containing TCP1 Subunit 3 May Induce Dismal Prognosis in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmgenom. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8588","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i28.8588","article-title":"Overexpression of Chaperonin Containing TCP1, Subunit 3 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7335","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.1971030","article-title":"Chaperonin Containing TCP1 Subunit 3 (CCT3) Promotes Cisplatin Resistance of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells through Targeting the Janus Kinase 2\/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (JAK2\/STAT3) Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Danni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2023048208","article-title":"CCT3 as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Cervical Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00e9blick, L., Van Keer, S., De Smet, A., Van Damme, P., Laeremans, M., Cortes, A.R., Beyers, K., Vankerckhoven, V., Matheeussen, V., and Mandersloot, R. (2021). Impact of Collection Volume and DNA Extraction Method on the Detection of Biomarkers and HPV DNA in First-Void Urine. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26071989"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajjar, B., Raheel, U., Manina, R., Simpson, J., Irfan, M., and Waheed, Y. (2023). Clinical Performance of Cobas 6800 for the Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Urine Samples. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061071"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galati, L., Combes, J.-D., Le Calvez-Kelm, F., McKay-Chopin, S., Forey, N., Ratel, M., McKay, J., Waterboer, T., Schroeder, L., and Clifford, G. (2022). Detection of Circulating HPV16 DNA as a Biomarker for Cervical Cancer by a Bead-Based HPV Genotyping Assay. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01480-21"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, Q., Luo, X., He, L., Ma, J., He, S., Lei, W., Zhou, W., Deng, H., Lin, Y., and Zhang, L. (2023). Septin9 DNA Methylation as a Promising Biomarker for Cervical Cancer. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 43.","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2022.2151356"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Qin, Y., Cheng, Q., Zhong, J., Han, B., and Li, Y. (2025). Bifunctional Nanomaterial Enabled High-Specific Isolation of Urinary Exosomes for Cervical Cancer Metabolomics Analysis and Biomarker Discovery. Talanta, 285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.127280"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katoh, Y., Kubo, A., Hayashi, N., Sugi, T., Katoh, K., Udagawa, S., Ogawa, T., Iwata, T., Nishio, H., and Sugawara, M. (2024). Serum Levels of Stearic and Dihomo-\u03b3-Linolenic Acids Can Be Used to Diagnose Cervical Cancer and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71606-w"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hentschel, A.E., van den Helder, R., van Trommel, N.E., van Splunter, A.P., van Boerdonk, R.A.A., van Gent, M.D.J.M., Nieuwenhuijzen, J.A., and Steenbergen, R.D.M. (2021). The Origin of Tumor DNA in Urine of Urogenital Cancer Patients: Local Shedding and Transrenal Excretion. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030535"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3074","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs in Human Disease","volume":"12","author":"Esteller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw116","article-title":"Distribution of MiRNA Expression across Human Tissues","volume":"44","author":"Ludwig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, J., Su, Y., Zhong, S., Cong, L., Liu, B., Yang, J., Tao, Y., He, Z., Chen, C., and Jiang, Y. (2020). Exosomes: Key Players in Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Strategy. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00261-0"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804549105","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs as Stable Blood-Based Markers for Cancer Detection","volume":"105","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, D., Zhang, Y., Zhu, M., Liu, S., and Wang, X. (2016). MiRNA Expression Profiles of HPV-Infected Patients with Cervical Cancer in the Uyghur Population in China. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164701"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0695-7","article-title":"MiR-3156-3p Is Downregulated in HPV-Positive Cervical Cancer and Performs as a Tumor-Suppressive MiRNA","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.10.017","article-title":"The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Oncology","volume":"179","author":"Slack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2024.113","article-title":"Advances in MicroRNA Therapeutics: From Preclinical to Clinical Studies","volume":"35","author":"Brillante","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayraktar, E., Bayraktar, R., Oztatlici, H., Lopez-Berestein, G., Amero, P., and Rodriguez-Aguayo, C. (2023). Targeting MiRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs as a Therapeutic Approach: An Update. Noncoding RNA, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna9020027"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Liu, Z., Lin, Q., Luo, Q., Cen, Y., Li, J., Fang, X., and Gong, C. (2021). MiRNAs and Cancer: Key Link in Diagnosis and Therapy. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12081289"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.246","article-title":"MicroRNA Therapeutics: Towards a New Era for the Management of Cancer and Other Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Rupaimoole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armakolas, A., Kotsari, M., and Koskinas, J. (2023). Liquid Biopsies, Novel Approaches and Future Directions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051579"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Guo, H., Zhao, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, C., Bu, J., Sun, T., and Wei, J. (2024). Liquid Biopsy in Cancer: Current Status, Challenges and Future Prospects. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02021-w"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33217","article-title":"Liquid Biopsies: Potential and Challenges","volume":"148","author":"Heidrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2025, June 22). Early Detection Research Network, Available online: https:\/\/edrn.nci.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.01.015","article-title":"New Paradigms in Translational Science Research in Cancer Biomarkers","volume":"159","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weaver, C., Nam, A., Settle, C., Overton, M., Giddens, M., Richardson, K.P., Piver, R., Mysona, D.P., Rungruang, B., and Ghamande, S. (2024). Serum Proteomic Signatures in Cervical Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16091629"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Zhao, L., Guo, B., Guo, A., Ding, J., Tong, D., Wang, B., and Zhou, Z. (2025). Integrated Machine Learning Algorithms-Enhanced Predication for Cervical Cancer from Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Data. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12030269"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kori, M., and Arga, K.Y. (2018). Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cervical Cancer: Insights from the Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomics Data within Network Biomedicine Perspective. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200717"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli, C., Ercoli, A., Vizzielli, G., Burk, S.R., Cuomo, M., Satasiya, V., Kacem, H., Braccia, S., Mazzarotti, G., and Miriello, I. (2025). Liquid Biopsy in Gynecological Cancers: A Translational Framework from Molecular Insights to Precision Oncology and Clinical Practice. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 44.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03429-0"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000926","article-title":"An Exploratory Study of Neoadjuvant Cetuximab Followed by Cetuximab and Chemoradiotherapy in Women With Newly Diagnosed Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer","volume":"45","author":"Fracasso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (2025, June 22). Iparomlimab and Tuvonralimab Combined with Paclitaxel and Cisplatin as Neoadjuvant Therapy for CC (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06878222), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06878222."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Women\u2019s Hospital School Of Medicine Zhejiang University (2025, June 22). A Clinical Study Comparing Chemotherapy Combined with PD-1 Inhibitor Versus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Cervical Cancer Patients with Positive Lymph Nodes After Surgery: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06866951), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06866951."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Qian, M., Welby, S., Guignard, A., Rosillon, D., Gopala, K., Xu, Y., Liu, K., He, Y., and Jiang, N. (2023). Prospective, Multi-Center Post-Marketing Surveillance Cohort Study to Monitor the Safety of the Human Papillomavirus-16\/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine in Chinese Girls and Women Aged 9 to 45 Years, 2018\u20132020. Hum. Vaccines Immunother., 19.","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2283912"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Charles University, Czech Republic (2025, June 22). The Adjuvant Effect of HPV Vaccination on Recurrence of Cervical Precancer or Carcinoma in Women Undergoing Conization (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06258564), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06258564."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.21149\/spm.v58i2.7790","article-title":"HPV vaccination impact on a cervical cancer screening program: Methods of the FASTER-Tlalpan Study in Mexico","volume":"58","author":"Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21758","article-title":"Triage of cervical cytological diagnoses of atypical squamous cells by DNA methylation of paired boxed gene 1 (PAX1)","volume":"41","author":"Chao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Mackay Memorial Hospital (2025, June 22). The Biomarker Analysis in Locally Advanced (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03635216), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03635216."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Wuhan University (2025, June 22). Molecular Markers in Cervical Cancer Screening in the Feasibility of the Mathematical Markov Model Analysis (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00889902), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00889902."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (2025, June 22). Effectiveness and Impact of the Lived Experience Cancer Awareness Campaign on Screening Participation (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06874985), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06874985."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13456","article-title":"The Effect of Cervical Cancer Education Given to Women in Turkey on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Health Beliefs: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"42","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Istanbul University\u2014Cerrahpasa (2025, June 22). Web-Based Education Program and Educational Booklet Developed on Cervical Cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06705309), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06705309."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33543","article-title":"Cervical lesion assessment using real-time microendoscopy image analysis in Brazil: The CLARA study","volume":"149","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center (2025, June 22). Diagnostic Imaging Aid for Management of Cervical Lesions (FFC) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02406365), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02406365."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron, J., Nitin, N., Travis, K., Kumar, S., Collier, T., Park, S.Y., Jos\u00e9-Yacam\u00e1n, M., Coghlan, L., Follen, M., and Richards-Kortum, R. (2007). Plasmon resonance coupling of metal nanoparticles for molecular imaging of carcinogenesis in vivo. J. Biomed. Opt., 12.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2737351"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Fabian, D. (2025, June 22). Clinical Trial of Molecular Biomarkers in Women with Uterine Cervix Cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05462951), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05462951."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Universiteit Antwerpen (2025, June 22). First-Void Urine Samples for the Follow-Up of Women Treated for High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03542513), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03542513."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (2025, June 22). Application of Plasma Circulating HPV DNA Testing to Management of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04274465), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04274465."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"University of Mississippi Medical Center Clinical (2025, June 22). Translational and Biomarker-Based Female Genital HPV Induced Dysplasia and Cancer Screening Study Using Cf-HPV-DNA Blood Tests (TTMV HPV DNA) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05536843), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05536843."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Yuan, L. (2025, June 22). Study on AUNIP as a Novel Tumor Marker for Cervical Cancer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06118463), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06118463."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Universiteit Antwerpen (2025, June 22). Dry Run of the ScreenUrSelf Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05996796), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05996796."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrickx, J.O., Van Keer, S., Donders, G., Weyers, S., Doyen, J., Beyers, K.C.L., Rios-Cortes, A., Meers, N., T\u00e9blick, L., and Vankerckhoven, V.V.J. (2025). Home-based urinary HPV self-sampling for the detection of cervical cancer precursor lesions: Attitudes and preferences from Belgian females participating in the CASUS study. Arch. Public Health, 83.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-024-01490-3"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Universiteit Antwerpen (2025, June 22). Developing a Combined Molecular Screening and Triage Test for Cervical Cancer in Self-Samples (COMBISCREEN) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06598176), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06598176."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Universiteit Antwerpen (2025, June 22). Cervical Cancer Screening Based on First-Void Urine Self-Sampling to Reach Un(Der)-Screened Women: ScreenUrSelf Trial (ScreenUrSelf) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05996783), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05996783."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buelens, C., Stabel, M., Wildiers, A., Peremans, L., Van Hal, G., Van Doorsselaere, L., Lievens, A., Vorsters, A., Van Keer, S., and Verhoeven, V. (2024). Experiences and Perceptions of Cervical Cancer Screening Using Self-Sampling among Under-Screened Women in Flanders. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12171704"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6502\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:05:20Z","timestamp":1760033120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/13\/6502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26136502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26136502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]}}}