{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:36:17Z","timestamp":1791466577273,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Light is a major environmental factor that regulates circadian rhythms and pineal melatonin synthesis. While the influence of nighttime light exposure on melatonin suppression has been extensively investigated, much less is known about the impact of photophase light wavelength on pineal function. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of monochromatic light during the photophase on diurnal changes in melatonin-related indoles in the rat pineal gland. Wistar rats were exposed for 7 days to 150 lx of monochromatic blue (463 \u00b1 10 nm), green (523 \u00b1 10 nm), or red (623 \u00b1 10 nm) LED light, or to white fluorescent light (control), under a 12:12 light\u2013dark cycle. Pineal glands were collected every 3 h over 24 h, and the indole content was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results demonstrated that both the timing and course of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and melatonin (MLT) rhythms were significantly affected by light wavelength. Blue light most effectively preserved the normal rhythmicity observed under full-spectrum white light, whereas green\u2014and particularly red light\u2014delayed nocturnal NAS and MLT synthesis. These changes were accompanied by concurrent alternations in rhythms of serotonin, its precursors, and metabolites. The data strongly suggest that spectral light composition during the photophase influences pineal indole metabolism via melanopsin-mediated phototransduction and possibly other retinal mechanisms. These findings may have implications for the design of artificial lighting environments in human life and animal housing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T08:58:23Z","timestamp":1751878703000},"page":"6515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monochromatic Photophase Light Alters Diurnal Profiles of Melatonin Pathway Indoles in the Rat Pineal Gland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Lewczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Martyniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Szyry\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Prusik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0748-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3743","article-title":"Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect","volume":"15","author":"LeGates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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