{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:37:11Z","timestamp":1778567831411,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d","award":["896932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896932"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["896932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["896932"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a ubiquitous, non-pathogenic DNA virus that has been suggested as a biomarker of immune competence, with the viral load correlating with the level of immunosuppression. However, by detecting non-intact viral particles, standard PCR-based quantification may overestimate the TTV viremia. To improve the clinical relevance of TTV quantification, in this study, we investigated the use of PMAxx\u2122, a virion viability dye that selectively blocks the amplification of compromised virions. Serum samples from 10 Hepatitis C Virus-positive (HCV+) individuals, 81 liver transplant recipients (LTRs), and 40 people with HIV (PWH) were treated with PMAxx\u2122 and analyzed for TTV DNA loads by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). Furthermore, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and neutralizing antibody (nAbs) titers were measured post-COVID-19 vaccination. Using ddPCR, the PMAxx\u2122 treatment significantly reduced the TTV DNA levels in all the groups (mean reduction: 0.66 Log copies\/mL), indicating the abundant presence of non-intact, circulating viral genomes. However, correlations between TTV DNA and SARS-CoV-2 IgG or nAbs were weak or absent in both PMAxx\u2122-treated and untreated samples. These findings suggest that while PMAxx\u2122 enhanced the specificity of TTV quantification, it did not improve the predictive value of TTV viremia at assessing vaccine-induced humoral responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T11:19:27Z","timestamp":1751887167000},"page":"6542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Torquetenovirus (TTV) Particle Integrity Utilizing PMAxx\u2122"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-2074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Sberna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Minosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosmina","family":"Mija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana","family":"Specchiarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Giorgio","family":"Spezia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Belladonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Berno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2975-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Fabeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2948-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Matusali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0924-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Meschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8811-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Focosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7489-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70972-5_1","article-title":"History of 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