{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:35:46Z","timestamp":1787830546402,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R &amp; D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00351858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00351858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R &amp; D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23C0125L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23C0125L1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R &amp; D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24D0102L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24D0102L1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R &amp; D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00514025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00514025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00351858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00351858"]}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["23C0125L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23C0125L1"]}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["24D0102L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24D0102L1"]}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2025-00514025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00514025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00351858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00351858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23C0125L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23C0125L1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24D0102L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24D0102L1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00514025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00514025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common form of hair loss characterized by androgen-driven tissue remodeling, including progressive follicular miniaturization and dermal fibrosis, which is accompanied by low-grade immune activation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this fibroimmune dysfunction remain poorly understood. Dermal fibroblasts (DFs) have been suggested as androgen-responsive stromal cells and a potential source of CXCL12, a chemokine implicated in fibroimmune pathology, but their precise role in AGA has not been fully established. In this study, we performed single-cell transcriptomic profiling of a testosterone-induced mouse model of AGA, with or without treatment of CXCL12-neutralizing antibody, to elucidate the pathological role of CXCL12 in mediating stromal-immune interactions. Our analysis suggested that DFs are the primary androgen-responsive population driving CXCL12 expression. Autocrine CXCL12-ACKR3 signaling in DFs activated TGF-\u03b2 pathways and promoted fibrotic extracellular matrix deposition. In parallel, paracrine CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling reprogrammed Sox2+Twist1+ dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and promoted the accumulation of pro-fibrotic Trem2+ macrophages, contributing to impaired hair follicle regeneration. Notably, CXCL12 blockade attenuated these stromal and immune alterations, restored the regenerative capacity of DPCs, reduced pro-fibrotic macrophage infiltration, and promoted hair regrowth. Together, these findings identify CXCL12 as a central mediator of androgen-induced fibroimmune remodeling and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in AGA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1751975887000},"page":"6568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["CXCL12 Drives Reversible Fibroimmune Remodeling in Androgenetic Alopecia Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungchan","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epi Biotech Co., Ltd., Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Guk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1779-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leegu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epi Biotech Co., Ltd., Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jino","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Hair Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul 06134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsoo","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Hyuk","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epi Biotech Co., Ltd., Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.054","article-title":"The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Adil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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