{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:12:03Z","timestamp":1790212323480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jane Watson Ramsey Myeloma Research PhD Scholarship"},{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship"},{"name":"Margaret Fay Fuller Foundation Scholarship Top-Up"},{"name":"Cancer Council SA Clinical Investigator Grant"},{"name":"Flinders Foundation Cancer Seed Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells that accounts for 10% of all haematological malignancies diagnosed worldwide. The poor outcome of patients with MM highlights the ongoing need for novel treatment strategies. Ferroptosis is a recently characterised form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death. Phospholipids (PLs) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a crucial role as ferroptosis substrates when oxidised to form toxic lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using a range of scientific techniques, we demonstrate a strong correlation between the PL profile of MM and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells with their sensitivity to ferroptosis. Using this PL profiling, we manufacture liposomes that are themselves composed of PL-PUFA ferroptosis substrates relatively deficient in MM cells, with and without the GPX4 inhibitor, RSL3, for investigation of their ferroptosis-inducing potential. PL-PUFAs were more abundant in DLBCL than MM cell lines, consistent with greater ferroptosis sensitivity. In contrast, MM cells generally contained a significantly higher proportion of PLs containing monounsaturated fatty acids. Altering the lipid composition of MM cells through exogenous supplementation with PL-PUFAs induced ferroptosis-mediated cell death and further sensitised these cells to RSL3. Liposomes predominantly comprising PL-PUFAs were subsequently manufactured and loaded with RSL3. Uptake, cytotoxicity and lipid ROS studies demonstrated that these novel liposomes were readily taken up by MM cells. Those containing RSL3 were more effective at inducing ferroptosis than empty liposomes or free RSL3, resulting in IC50 values an average 7.1-fold to 14.5-fold lower than those for free RSL3, from the micromolar to nanomolar range. We provide a better understanding of the mechanisms associated with ferroptosis resistance of MM cells and suggest that strategies such as liposomal delivery of relatively deficient ferroptosis-inducing PL-PUFAs together with other targeted agents could harness ferroptosis for the personalised treatment of MM and other cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"6579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Novel (1S,3R)-RSL3-Encapsulated Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Rich Liposomes Sensitise Multiple Myeloma Cells to Ferroptosis-Mediated Cell Death"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Habib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7329-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Mynott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver G.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella A.","family":"Revesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5401-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive A.","family":"Prestidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7457-5937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig T.","family":"Wallington-Gates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00296-y","article-title":"Spatial genomic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma revealed by multi-region sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Rasche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0003","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Myeloma: A Review","volume":"327","author":"Cowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2025, March 20). Cancer Data in Australia, Available online: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/cancer\/cancer-data-in-australia\/contents\/survival."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3176","article-title":"Emerging immunotherapies in multiple myeloma","volume":"370","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.10.008","article-title":"A look backward and forward in the regulatory and treatment history of multiple myeloma: Approval of novel-novel agents, new drug development, and longer patient survival","volume":"43","author":"Kazandjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Odat, O.S., Guirguis, D.A., Schmalbach, N.K., Yao, G., Budak-Alpdogan, T., Jonnalagadda, S.C., and Pandey, M.K. (2022). Autophagy and Apoptosis: Current Challenges of Treatment and Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010644"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2022.20","article-title":"Drug and apoptosis resistance in cancer stem cells: A puzzle with many pieces","volume":"5","author":"Safa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.010","article-title":"Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4","volume":"156","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.10.014","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ahmed, S., Shah, P., and Ahmed, O. (2022). Biochemistry, Lipids, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100308","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202100308","article-title":"A tale of two lipids: Lipid unsaturation commands ferroptosis sensitivity","volume":"23","author":"Rodencal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800311","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800311","article-title":"GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis","volume":"19","author":"Forcina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8175","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Biological Rust of Lipid Membranes","volume":"35","author":"Hassannia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.01-11-0540","article-title":"The major sites of cellular phospholipid synthesis and molecular determinants of Fatty Acid and lipid head group specificity","volume":"13","author":"Henneberry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.06.009","article-title":"Lipid classification, structures and tools","volume":"1811","author":"Fahy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortensen, M.S., Ruiz, J., and Watts, J.L. (2023). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Drive Lipid Peroxidation during Ferroptosis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050804"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mynott, R.L., Habib, A., Best, O.G., and Wallington-Gates, C.T. (2023). Ferroptosis in Haematological Malignancies and Associated Therapeutic Nanotechnologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087661"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A Regulated Cell Death Nexus Linking Metabolism, Redox Biology, and Disease","volume":"171","author":"Stockwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.014","article-title":"Role of GPX4 in ferroptosis and its pharmacological implication","volume":"133","author":"Seibt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim, S., and Wong, N.K. (2021). Nanotechnology and its use in imaging and drug delivery (Review). Biomed. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2021.1418"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshehri, A., Grabowska, A., and Stolnik, S. (2018). Pathways of cellular internalisation of liposomes delivered siRNA and effects on siRNA engagement with target mRNA and silencing in cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22166-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-148248","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of Ferroptosis Pathway in Combination with Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Induction in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"138","author":"Akiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29905-1","article-title":"A targetable CoQ-FSP1 axis drives ferroptosis- and radiation-resistance in KEAP1 inactive lung cancers","volume":"13","author":"Koppula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c06777","article-title":"Peroxidase-like Active Nanomedicine with Dual Glutathione Depletion Property to Restore Oxaliplatin Chemosensitivity and Promote Programmed Cell Death","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24160","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c04158","article-title":"A Biodegradable High-Efficiency Magnetic Nanoliposome Promotes Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Multimodal Tumor Therapy Along with Switchable T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M., Deng, J., Liu, F., Fan, A., Wang, Y., Wu, H., Ding, D., Kong, D., Wang, Z., and Peer, D. (2019). Triggered ferroptotic polymer micelles for reversing multidrug resistance to chemotherapy. Biomaterials, 223.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119486"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-020-00620-5","article-title":"Selective Ferroptosis Inhibitor Liproxstatin-1 Attenuates Neurological Deficits and Neuroinflammation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30031","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c03564","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive, Multistaged Liposome Induces Apoptosis and Ferroptosis by Amplifying Oxidative Stress for Enhanced Cancer Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Kou","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM00079B","article-title":"Amplification of ferroptosis with a liposomal nanoreactor cooperates with low-toxicity doxorubicin apoptosis for enhanced tumor chemotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118482","article-title":"Arachidonic Acid Induces Ferroptosis-Mediated Cell-Death in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Panaroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordini, J., Morisi, F., Cerruti, F., Cascio, P., Camaschella, C., Ghia, P., and Campanella, A. (2020). Iron Causes Lipid Oxidation and Inhibits Proteasome Function in Multiple Myeloma Cells: A Proof of Concept for Novel Combination Therapies. Cancers Basel, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12040970"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.024","article-title":"Iron and thiol redox signaling in cancer: An exquisite balance to escape ferroptosis","volume":"108","author":"Toyokuni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43602","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17115","article-title":"Sphingosine kinase 2 inhibition synergises with bortezomib to target myeloma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"8","author":"Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00868-z","article-title":"Roles of RIPK3 in necroptosis, cell signaling, and disease","volume":"54","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2238","article-title":"Oxidized arachidonic and adrenic PEs navigate cells to ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Kagan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34394","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34394","article-title":"Acyl chain asymmetry and polyunsaturation of brain phospholipids facilitate membrane vesiculation without leakage","volume":"7","author":"Manni","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.11.016","article-title":"Exogenous Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Promote a Ferroptosis-Resistant Cell State","volume":"26","author":"Magtanong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.03.001","article-title":"Saturated Fatty Acids, MUFAs and PUFAs Regulate Ferroptosis","volume":"26","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.10.010","article-title":"HSF1 functions as a key defender against palmitic acid-induced ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16772","article-title":"Palmitic acid-induced ferroptosis via CD36 activates ER stress to break calcium-iron balance in colon cancer cells","volume":"290","author":"Kuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318161","article-title":"Platelet Internalization Mediates Ferroptosis in Myocardial Infarction","volume":"43","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.016","article-title":"Peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the acidic tumor environment leads to ferroptosis-mediated anticancer effects","volume":"33","author":"Dierge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer zu Heringdorf, D. (2008). Lysophospholipids. Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-38918-7_90"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1705-2","article-title":"The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis","volume":"575","author":"Bersuker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia, A.M., Chirillo, R., Aversa, I., Sacco, A., Costanzo, F., and Biamonte, F. (2020). Ferroptosis and Cancer: Mitochondria Meet the \u201cIron Maiden\u201d Cell Death. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061505"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"487","article-title":"Effect of more than one inhibitor","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Hochster","year":"1963","journal-title":"Enzymes and Metabolic Inhibitors"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Zhao, X., Zhang, Y., and Xia, Z. (2023). Abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed. Pharmacother., 163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114827"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MD00515J","article-title":"Diversity of PEGylation methods of liposomes and their influence on RNA delivery","volume":"10","author":"Nosova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medchemcomm"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00883-z","article-title":"MS4A15 drives ferroptosis resistance through calcium-restricted lipid remodeling","volume":"29","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12542","article-title":"Overview of iron metabolism in health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Dev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1893","article-title":"Intracellular iron transport and storage: From molecular mechanisms to health implications","volume":"10","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360438","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13380","article-title":"Lipoxygenase-mediated generation of lipid peroxides enhances ferroptosis induced by erastin and RSL3","volume":"108","author":"Shintoku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Hu, W., and Feng, Z. (2020). The Regulation of Ferroptosis by Tumor Suppressor p53 and its Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218387"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603244113","article-title":"Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis","volume":"113","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2024.107469","article-title":"Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 decreases sensitivity to bortezomib in multiple myeloma cell lines","volume":"139","author":"Zeissig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.09.025","article-title":"Challenges and pitfalls in the development of liposomal delivery systems for cancer therapy","volume":"69","author":"Moosavian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c03770","article-title":"Equivalent Carbon Number and Interclass Retention Time Conversion Enhance Lipid Identification in Untargeted Clinical Lipidomics","volume":"94","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21540","article-title":"The Skyline ecosystem: Informatics for quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics","volume":"39","author":"Pino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mass. Spectrom. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:06:58Z","timestamp":1760033218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26146579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}