{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:39:25Z","timestamp":1792877965787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell-surface receptor that helps the body regulate blood pressure and endocrine secretions. Transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is a cell surface protein expressed mainly by endothelial cells of the respiratory and digestive tract, which participates in the cleavage of protein peptide bonds with serine as the active site. These two proteins have been studied to be highly associated with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) has special bioactivities such as anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory functions, which can be widely used in functional foods or drugs. Our study involved in vitro and in vivo experiments to elucidate the effect of SBTI on SARS-CoV-2 host invasion. First, it was confirmed that being under 250 \u03bcg\/mL of SBTI was not toxic to HepG2, HEK293T, and Calu-3 cells. The animal study administered SBTI to mice once daily for 14 days. In the lungs, liver, and kidneys, the histopathologic findings of the SBTI group were not different from those of the control group, but the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CD147 was reduced. Thus, our findings suggest that the inhibition of ACE2, TMPRSS,2 and CD147 proteins by SBTI shows promise in potentially inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"6583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor Possesses Potency Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Blocking the Host Cell Surface Receptors ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CD147"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wen-Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3642-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaung-Geng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsi-Pin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Inose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281, Komuro, Ina-machi, Kita-Adachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan-Jhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition and Healthy Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00640-2","article-title":"Potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pulmonary vasculature: A global perspective","volume":"19","author":"Halawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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