{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:29:30Z","timestamp":1760059770801,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/1-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-064-01\/503-51-001-19-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into cells to treat or prevent disease and offers highly targeted and potentially curative approaches for both inherited and acquired conditions. The skin is an especially suitable organ for gene therapy due to its accessibility, ease of sampling, rapid cell turnover, and the possibility for localized treatment with minimal systemic exposure. Gene therapy is being actively explored across a range of dermatological conditions, including recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, ichthyosis, psoriasis, chronic wounds, and melanoma, with therapeutic strategies encompassing viral vectors, non-viral delivery systems, gene editing technologies, RNA-based treatments, and cell-based approaches. These diverse methods aim to correct genetic defects, modulate immune responses, promote tissue repair, or selectively target malignant cells. This review examines the advancements and potential of gene therapies in addressing complex skin diseases, providing hope for improved patient outcomes and long-term care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"6592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gene Therapies in Dermatological Diseases: A Breakthrough in Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0089-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Lisi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Research Club of Experimental, Clinical and Procedural Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8311-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Cegie\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Research Club of Experimental, Clinical and Procedural Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Zalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Research Club of Experimental, Clinical and Procedural Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Bien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Sobolewska-Sztychny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Autoinflammatory, Genetic and Rare Skin Disorders at Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Narbutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Autoinflammatory, Genetic and Rare Skin Disorders at Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal, J., Bartnik, E., Biedrzycka, M., Bocian, E., Bosek, L., Brojer, E., Charzewska, A., Czartoryska, B., Daca-Roszak, P., and Daniel, W.A. (2023). Genetyka Medyczna i Molekularna, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA.","DOI":"10.53271\/2023.089"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.055","article-title":"Next-generation replication-defective HSV vectors for delivery of large DNA payloads","volume":"33","author":"Ingusci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Drewa, G., and Ferenc, T. (2018). Genetyka Medyczna. Podr\u0119cznik dla Student\u00f3w, Edra Urban and Partner."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01737-y","article-title":"In vivo topical gene therapy for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: A phase 1 and 2 trial","volume":"28","author":"Gurevich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126243","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126243","article-title":"Safety and early efficacy outcomes for lentiviral fibroblast gene therapy in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"4","author":"Lwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, J.C., Park, K.W., Evans, D.B., Sharma, R., Sahaym, O., Gopalakrishnan, S., Dar, A.I., Valdez, T.A., and Sharma, A. (2025). Nano Approaches to Nucleic Acid Delivery: Barriers, Solutions, and Current Landscape. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol., 17.","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.70010"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01708-4","article-title":"Advancements in nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for skin cancer therapy","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1757","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00147.2022","article-title":"Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides","volume":"323","author":"Slominski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2308374121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308374121","article-title":"Photo-neuro-immuno-endocrinology: How the ultraviolet radiation regulates the body, brain, and immune system","volume":"121","author":"Slominski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18921","article-title":"Consensus reclassification of inherited epidermolysis bullosa and other disorders with skin fragility","volume":"183","author":"Has","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, M., Dasgupta, R., Cravero, K., Yang, H., South, A.P., and Nikbakht, N. (2025). The Utility of Collagen VII Topical Gene Therapy in Treatment of Surgical Defect after Excision of Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Br. J. Dermatol., ljaf128. ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/bjd\/ljaf128"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.017","article-title":"Progress in skin gene therapy: From the inside and out","volume":"33","author":"Osborn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2781","article-title":"Epidemiology and Outcome of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Epidermolysis Bullosa in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.1.6","article-title":"Quality of Life and Economic Burden in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa","volume":"28","author":"Jeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2023.101134","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9-based non-viral gene editing therapy for topical treatment of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206663","article-title":"Trial of Beremagene Geperpavec (B-VEC) for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa","volume":"387","author":"Guide","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, May 19). Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/168356\/download."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, April 28). Available online: https:\/\/ir.krystalbio.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/krystal-biotech-announces-european-commission-approval-vyjuvekr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.15588","article-title":"Safety and Wound Outcomes Following Genetically Corrected Autologous Epidermal Grafts in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa","volume":"316","author":"Siprashvili","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130554","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130554","article-title":"Phase 1\/2a clinical trial of gene-corrected autologous cell therapy for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"4","author":"Eichstadt","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So, J.Y., Nazaroff, J., Iwummadu, C.V., Harris, N., Gorell, E.S., Fulchand, S., Bailey, I., McCarthy, D., Siprashvili, Z., and Marinkovich, M.P. (2022). Long-term safety and efficacy of gene-corrected autologous keratinocyte grafts for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02546-9"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025, April 28). Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/186513\/download."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8984","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238984","article-title":"Overcoming Immune Evasion in Melanoma","volume":"21","author":"Eddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal, R., Chopra, H., Singh, I., Dua, K., and Gautam, R.K. (2022). Insights on prospects of nano-siRNA based approaches in treatment of Cancer. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.985670"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08749-y","article-title":"Advances in siRNA delivery approaches in cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"50","author":"Isazadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00316","article-title":"Treatment of Melanoma by Nano-conjugate-Delivered Wee1 siRNA","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Shi, X., Song, H., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Huang, P., Dong, A., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., and Wang, W. (2021). Polymer-lipid hybrid nanovesicle-enabled combination of immunogenic chemotherapy and RNAi-mediated PD-L1 knockdown elicits antitumor immunity against melanoma. Biomaterials, 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120579"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-020-02838-4","article-title":"Melanoma Cancer Immunotherapy Using PD-L1 siRNA and Imatinib Promotes Cancer-Immunity Cycle","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Gonzalez, M.R., Vazquez-Garza, E., Garcia-Rivas, G., Rodriguez-Aguayo, C., and Chavez-Reyes, A. (2023). Therapeutic Effects of WT1 Silencing via Respiratory Administration of Neutral DOPC Liposomal-siRNA in a Lung Metastasis Melanoma Murine Model. Non-Coding RNA, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna9020021"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, R., Chen, M., Sun, S., Wei, P., Zou, L., Liu, J., Gao, D., Wen, L., and Ding, W. (2016). Topical and Targeted Delivery of siRNAs to Melanoma Cells Using a Fusion Peptide Carrier. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29159"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"30","article-title":"A Review of CAR T-Cell Therapies Approved for the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory B-Cell Lymphomas","volume":"12","author":"Wells","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02146-y","article-title":"Revolutionizing cancer treatment: A comprehensive review of CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"40","author":"Dabas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07633-5","article-title":"Opportunities and obstacles for the melanoma immunotherapy using T cell and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) applications: A literature review","volume":"49","author":"Bahmanyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltantoyeh, T., Akbari, B., Karimi, A., Chalbatani, G.M., Ghahri-Saremi, N., Hadjati, J., Hamblin, M.R., and Mirzaei, H.R. (2021). Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma: Challenges and Road Ahead. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061450"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2024.102160","article-title":"T-cell immunotherapy for melanoma","volume":"57","author":"Rosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45221-2","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy targeting surface expression of TYRP1 to treat cutaneous and rare melanoma subtypes","volume":"15","author":"Jilani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12478","article-title":"Clinical applications of gene therapy for rare diseases: A review","volume":"104","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.6.JNS23243","article-title":"Oncolytic Viral Therapy: A Review and Promising Future Directions","volume":"140","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.039","article-title":"Review of talimogene laherparepvec: A first-in-class oncolytic viral treatment of advanced melanoma","volume":"83","author":"Haitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-1967-1","article-title":"Combining talimogene laherparepvec with immunotherapies in melanoma and other solid tumors","volume":"66","author":"Dummer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01611-9","article-title":"Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Emerging Intralesional Immunotherapies for Metastatic Melanoma: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Kalsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4006","article-title":"Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: A review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5MR0120-439R","article-title":"Keratinocyte: A trigger or an executor of psoriasis?","volume":"108","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13313","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713313","article-title":"Challenges and Future Trends in the Treatment of Psoriasis","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04523-3","article-title":"Advances in the pathogenesis of psoriasis: From keratinocyte perspective","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001197","article-title":"Small interfering RNA targeting of keratin 17 reduces inflammation in imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis","volume":"133","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S458800","article-title":"Targeted siRNA Therapy for Psoriasis: Translating Preclinical Potential into Clinical Treatments","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106918","article-title":"Wilms\u2019 tumor 1-associating protein contributes to psoriasis by promoting keratinocytes proliferation via regulating cyclinA2 and CDK2","volume":"88","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107793","article-title":"Overexpression of Wilms tumor 1 promotes IL-1\u03b2 expression by upregulating histone acetylation in keratinocytes","volume":"96","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07121-7","article-title":"GRHL2 regulates keratinocyte EMT-MET dynamics and scar formation during cutaneous wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13414","article-title":"Towards the development of a RNAi-based topical treatment for psoriasis: Proof-of-concept in a 3D psoriasis skin model","volume":"27","author":"Desmet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez Junior, A.M., Ruiz, T.F.R., Vilamaior, P.S.L., Tiera, V.A.O., Taboga, S.R., and Tiera, M.J. (2025). Topical delivery of siRNA to psoriatic skin model using high molecular weight chitosan derivatives: In vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01800-4"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb6049","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb6049","article-title":"Treatment of psoriasis with NFKBIZ siRNA using topical ionic liquid formulations","volume":"6","author":"Mandal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.032","article-title":"Laser-assisted nanocarrier delivery to achieve cutaneous siRNA targeting for attenuating psoriasiform dermatitis","volume":"347","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S447780","article-title":"RNA-Based Antipsoriatic Gene Therapy: An Updated Review Focusing on Evidence from Animal Models","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16874","article-title":"Protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3) attenuates psoriasis and associated inflammation","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103479","article-title":"The mRNA-LNP platform\u2019s lipid nanoparticle component used in preclinical vaccine studies is highly inflammatory","volume":"24","author":"Ndeupen","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S504639","article-title":"Using siRNA-Based Anti-Inflammatory Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Regulation in Psoriasis","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-00998-y","article-title":"Where should siRNAs go: Applicable organs for siRNA drugs","volume":"55","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karar, J., and Maity, A. (2011). PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway in Angiogenesis. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00051"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12034","article-title":"Silencing KRT16 inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and VEGF secretion in psoriasis via inhibition of ERK signaling pathway","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, R.C., Akbik, M., Smith, L.R., Klionsky, Y., and Feldman, S.R. (2025). Therapeutic Advancements in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041312"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.09.039","article-title":"Chronic wounds: Current status, available strategies and emerging therapeutic solutions","volume":"328","author":"Igartua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Selected methods of treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"13","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Piel\u0119gniarstwo Chir. I Angiol.\/Surg. Vasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mullin, J.A., Rahmani, E., Kiick, K.L., and Sullivan, M.O. (2024). Growth factors and growth factor gene therapies for treating chronic wounds. Bioeng. Transl. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10642"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.08.020","article-title":"Gene therapy to enhance angiogenesis in chronic wounds","volume":"29","author":"Shaabani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6549","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw533","article-title":"Splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic drugs","volume":"44","author":"Havens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.29245\/2767-5092\/2023\/1.1168","article-title":"The Dawning of a New Enterprise: RNA Therapeutics for the Skin","volume":"5","author":"Kieser","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Skin Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TB00966E","article-title":"Advances in skin gene therapy: Utilizing innovative dressing scaffolds for wound healing, a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02449-y","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-192 in fibroblasts accelerates wound healing in diabetic rats: Research article","volume":"30","author":"Karam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-024-01239-4","article-title":"Highlights of Gene and Cell Therapy for Epidermolysis Bullosa and Ichthyosis","volume":"14","author":"Koutsoukos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02430-6","article-title":"New developments in the molecular treatment of ichthyosis: Review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Joosten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2024.101311","article-title":"A cellular disease model toward gene therapy of TGM1-dependent lamellar ichthyosis","volume":"32","author":"Sercia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chulpanova, D.S., Shaimardanova, A.A., Ponomarev, A.S., Elsheikh, S., Rizvanov, A.A., and Solovyeva, V.V. (2022). Current Strategies for the Gene Therapy of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis and Other Types of Inherited Ichthyosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052506"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Corona, S.I., Guti\u00e9rrez-Ruiz, S.C., Echeverria, M.L.D.C., Cort\u00e9s, H., Gonz\u00e1lez-Del Carmen, M., and Leyva-G\u00f3mez, G. (2023). Advances in the treatment of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, a look towards the repositioning of drugs. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274248"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6592\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:14Z","timestamp":1760033234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26146592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}