{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:37:10Z","timestamp":1791308230595,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRSI2025QC-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSI2025QC-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["82471425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471425"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["CRSI2025QC-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSI2025QC-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological condition that typically results in irreversible loss of motor and sensory function. Emerging evidence indicates that neuroplasticity, the ability of the nervous system to reorganize by forming new neural connections, plays a pivotal role in structural and functional recovery post-injury. This insight lays the groundwork for the development of rehabilitation and therapeutic strategies designed to leverage neuroplasticity. In this review, we offer an exhaustive overview of the neuroplastic alterations and mechanisms that occur following an SCI. We examine the role of neuroplasticity in functional recovery and outline therapeutic approaches designed to augment neuroplasticity post-SCI. The process of neuroplasticity post-SCI involves several physiological processes, such as neurogenesis, synaptic remodeling, dendritic spine formation, and axonal sprouting. Together, these processes contribute to the reestablishment of neural circuits and functional restoration. Enhancing neuroplasticity is a promising strategy for improving functional outcomes post-SCI; however, its effectiveness is influenced by numerous factors, including age, injury severity, time since the injury, and the specific therapeutic interventions employed. A variety of strategies have been suggested to promote neuroplasticity and expedite recovery, including pharmacological treatments, biomaterial-based therapies, gene editing, stem cell transplantation, and rehabilitative training. The combination of personalized rehabilitation programs with innovative therapeutic techniques holds considerable potential for maximizing the benefits of neuroplasticity and enhancing clinical outcomes in SCI management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"6596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Enhancing Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury Through Neuroplasticity: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yuan-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Meng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Sheng","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, China Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing 100068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006244","article-title":"Cognitive function after spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004417","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: The Global Incidence, Prevalence, and Disability from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"47","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.33.3.01","article-title":"The economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada","volume":"33","author":"Krueger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chronic Dis. Inj. Can."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ckab165.177","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.177","article-title":"Quality of life, health and social costs of patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Diop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12056","article-title":"Acute spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention (Review)","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01477-6","article-title":"Spinal cord injury: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjum, A., Yazid, M.D., Fauzi Daud, M., Idris, J., Ng, A.M.H., Selvi Naicker, A., Ismail, O.H.R., Athi Kumar, R.K., and Lokanathan, Y. (2020). Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.4.SPINE08784","article-title":"Importance of the vasculature in cyst formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Rooney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafqat, A., Albalkhi, I., Magableh, H.M., Saleh, T., Alkattan, K., and Yaqinuddin, A. (2023). Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: New discoveries and future directions. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1180825"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.124","article-title":"Neural plasticity and functional recovery of human central nervous system with special reference to spinal cord injury","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053507855","article-title":"Neural plasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0965","article-title":"Compensation allows recovery of functional independence in people with severe motor impairments following spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"Hastings","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morone, G., Pirrera, A., Iannone, A., and Giansanti, D. (2023). Development and Use of Assistive Technologies in Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Review of Reviews on the Evolution, Opportunities, and Bottlenecks of Their Integration in the Health Domain. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11111646"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12363","article-title":"Neurotrophins and neural stem cells in posttraumatic brain injury repair","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Models Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7528","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0379-10.2010","article-title":"Spinal cord injury immediately changes the state of the brain","volume":"30","author":"Aguilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Puderbaugh, M., and Emmady, P.D. (2023). Neuroplasticity. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21029","article-title":"Neural plasticity of development and learning","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00066","article-title":"The Impact of Studying Brain Plasticity","volume":"13","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.06.056","article-title":"Cortical reorganization after spinal cord injury: Always for good?","volume":"283","author":"Moxon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24191","article-title":"The role of astrocyte structural plasticity in regulating neural circuit function and behavior","volume":"70","author":"Lawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.023","article-title":"Neural syntax: Cell assemblies, synapsembles, and readers","volume":"68","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6979","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51016-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial network reorganization and transient expansion during oligodendrocyte generation","volume":"15","author":"Bame","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calderone, A., Cardile, D., De Luca, R., Quartarone, A., Corallo, F., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. (2024). Brain Plasticity in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042224"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00254","article-title":"Relationship between structural brainstem and brain plasticity and lower-limb training in spinal cord injury: A longitudinal pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Villiger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52901-5.00003-4","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in the spinal cord","volume":"110","author":"Kusiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2134-21.2022","article-title":"Thoracic VGluT2+ Spinal Interneurons Regulate Structural and Functional Plasticity of Sympathetic Networks after High-Level Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"42","author":"Noble","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4502","article-title":"Network neuroscience","volume":"20","author":"Bassett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103372","article-title":"Spinal cord atrophy after spinal cord injury\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Trolle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.211177","article-title":"Spinal cord injury drives chronic brain changes","volume":"12","author":"Jure","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1257","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005258","article-title":"Progressive neurodegeneration following spinal cord injury: Implications for clinical trials","volume":"90","author":"Ziegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh355","article-title":"Sequential loss of myelin proteins during Wallerian degeneration in the human spinal cord","volume":"128","author":"Buss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04195-4","article-title":"SARM1 can be a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176310","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1176310","article-title":"Changes in synaptic inputs to dI3 INs and MNs after complete transection in adult mice","volume":"17","author":"Goltash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.233189","article-title":"Corticospinal reorganization after spinal cord injury","volume":"590","author":"Oudega","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.295346","article-title":"Synaptic remodeling in mouse motor cortex after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769548","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.769548","article-title":"Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0630-7","article-title":"Glial Cells Shape Pathology and Repair After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"15","author":"Gaudet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2023.10.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Klemmensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00213","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases\u2014Is Metabolic Deficiency the Root Cause?","volume":"14","author":"Muddapu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113260","article-title":"Spinal cord injury leads to atrophy in pelvic ganglia neurons","volume":"328","author":"Marwaha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00294-S","article-title":"Morphological changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons after spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"70","author":"Krassioukov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"287","article-title":"Inflammation & apoptosis in spinal cord injury","volume":"135","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05395.1997","article-title":"Neuronal and glial apoptosis after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04261-x","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration","volume":"79","author":"Slater","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6683","article-title":"A recoverable state of axon injury persists for hours after spinal cord contusion In vivo","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114198","article-title":"Intrinsic regulation of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury: Recent advances and remaining challenges","volume":"357","author":"Noristani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00095.2009","article-title":"Dendritic spine remodeling after spinal cord injury alters neuronal signal processing","volume":"102","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.167748","article-title":"Regulation of axonal remodeling following spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Jacobi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2009","article-title":"Axon physiology","volume":"91","author":"Debanne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2016.4.20160278","article-title":"MRI findings in a case of spinal cord Wallerian degeneration following trauma","volume":"21","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2019.01.009","article-title":"Axonal degeneration and demyelination following traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Hassannejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., He, Y., Chen, Y., Fu, Y., He, S., Liu, K., and Qu, J.Y. (2024). Microglial-Mediated Prevention of Axonal Degeneration in the Injured Spinal Cord: Insights from an In Vivo Imaging Study. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.13.589343"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.02.004","article-title":"Neurobiology of axonal transport defects in motor neuron diseases: Opportunities for translational research?","volume":"105","author":"Hafezparast","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7911","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5313-06.2007","article-title":"ATF3 increases the intrinsic growth state of DRG neurons to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Seijffers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"30","article-title":"Activating transcription factor 3, a useful marker for regenerative response after nerve root injury","volume":"2","author":"Ochsmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1593232024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1593-23.2024","article-title":"Synaptotagmin 4 supports spontaneous axon sprouting after spinal cord injury","volume":"44","author":"Higuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730348","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.730348","article-title":"Contralateral Axon Sprouting but Not Ipsilateral Regeneration Is Responsible for Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery Post Spinal Cord Hemisection","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460354.09622.ec","article-title":"Induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression is cell-type specific in the spinal cord","volume":"156","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0734-06.2006","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3 gradients established by lentiviral gene delivery promote short-distance axonal bridging beyond cellular grafts in the injured spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0083b.x","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors, cellular bridges and gene therapy for spinal cord injury","volume":"533","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0074-9","article-title":"Neurotrophins: Potential therapeutic tools for the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Hollis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1492-04.2004","article-title":"Combinatorial therapy with neurotrophins and cAMP promotes axonal regeneration beyond sites of spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.09.053","article-title":"Extracellular matrix components as therapeutics for spinal cord injury","volume":"652","author":"Haggerty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00583-8","article-title":"An injectable hydrogel enhances tissue repair after spinal cord injury by promoting extracellular matrix remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2244366.183","article-title":"Extra Cellular Matrix Remodeling: An Adjunctive Target for Spinal Cord Injury and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114506","article-title":"Decellularized extracellular matrix in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"368","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22898","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49260-5","article-title":"Inhibition of the Nogo-pathway in experimental spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis of 76 experimental treatments","volume":"13","author":"Hirt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207781368611","article-title":"Targeting the Nogo-A signalling pathway to promote recovery following acute CNS injury","volume":"13","author":"Walmsley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S216874","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Promoting Axonal Regeneration in Spinal Cord Injury Rats via Suppression of Nogo\/NgR and Rho\/ROCK Signaling Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00338","article-title":"Axon growth inhibition by RhoA\/ROCK in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Fujita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01615-5","article-title":"Neuronal activity rapidly reprograms dendritic translation via eIF4G2:uORF binding","volume":"27","author":"Hacisuleyman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26931-3","article-title":"Morphological changes of large layer V pyramidal neurons in cortical motor-related areas after spinal cord injury in macaque monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Takata","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633105520951164","DOI":"10.1177\/2633105520951164","article-title":"Dendritic Spines in the Spinal Cord: Live Action Pain","volume":"15","author":"Benson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2858-19.2020","article-title":"Dendritic Spine Dynamics after Peripheral Nerve Injury: An Intravital Structural Study","volume":"40","author":"Benson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00477.2021","article-title":"Spinal cord injury is associated with changes in synaptic properties of the mouse major pelvic ganglion","volume":"128","author":"Kyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858408331372","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"281","article-title":"Changes in synapses and axons demonstrated by synaptophysin immunohistochemistry following spinal cord compression trauma in the rat and mouse","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952386","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2952386","article-title":"The Extracellular Environment of the CNS: Influence on Plasticity, Sprouting, and Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"2018","author":"Quraishe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.06.028","article-title":"Astrocytosis, microglia activation, oligodendrocyte degeneration, and pyknosis following acute spinal cord injury","volume":"190","author":"Corkill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402349","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1402349","article-title":"Immunoregulation of Glia after spinal cord injury: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.217354","article-title":"Effect of glial cells on remyelination after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.360168","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of lesion-induced axonal sprouting in the corticofugal projection: The role of glial cells","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872501","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.872501","article-title":"Neuronal Redevelopment and the Regeneration of Neuromodulatory Axons in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System","volume":"16","author":"Cooke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00211","article-title":"Astrocytic modulation of blood brain barrier: Perspectives on Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Cabezas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1425","article-title":"Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Okada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2012.01.004","article-title":"Thrombospondins as key regulators of synaptogenesis in the central nervous system","volume":"31","author":"Risher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201802057","article-title":"Thrombospondin receptor \u03b12\u03b4-1 promotes synaptogenesis and spinogenesis via postsynaptic Rac1","volume":"217","author":"Risher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.12.020","article-title":"Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Christopherson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11088","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504806102","article-title":"Agrin promotes synaptic differentiation by counteracting an inhibitory effect of neurotransmitter","volume":"102","author":"Misgeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.02.028","article-title":"The role of agrin in synaptic development, plasticity and signaling in the central nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Daniels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.020","article-title":"Genetic Dissection of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic BDNF-TrkB Signaling in Synaptic Efficacy of CA3-CA1 Synapses","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.284985","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3-mediated locomotor recovery: A novel therapeutic strategy targeting lumbar neural circuitry after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.1991.Supplement_15.14","article-title":"Effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on motoneuron survival","volume":"15","author":"Sendtner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665795","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.665795","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process","volume":"9","author":"Chiareli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00078","article-title":"Dissecting the Dual Role of the Glial Scar and Scar-Forming Astrocytes in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifford, T., Finkel, Z., Rodriguez, B., Joseph, A., and Cai, L. (2023). Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research-Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060853"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2017","article-title":"The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"98","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmalky, M.I., Alvarez-Bolado, G., Younsi, A., and Skutella, T. (2024). Axonal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: Molecular Mechanisms, Regulatory Pathways, and Novel Strategies. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13090703"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1371","article-title":"MEK inhibition reduces glial scar formation and promotes the recovery of sensorimotor function in rats following spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3547-03.2004","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Faulkner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02491-1","article-title":"Astrocytic Nrf2 expression protects spinal cord from oxidative stress following spinal cord injury in a male mouse model","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23706","article-title":"The fate and function of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"68","author":"Duncan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0033-5","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte fate after spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Almad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16206","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16206","article-title":"Unraveling the role of oligodendrocytes and myelin in pain","volume":"169","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"235195","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review and Update","volume":"2015","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049562","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1049562","article-title":"Neurogenesis potential of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from oligospheres and injured spinal cord","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0311-05.2005","article-title":"Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Keirstead","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653101","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.653101","article-title":"Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions in the Structure and Integrity of Axons","volume":"9","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108610","article-title":"MCT1 Deletion in Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Causes Late-Onset Hypomyelination and Axonal Degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Philips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108895","article-title":"NG2 glia reprogramming induces robust axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Tai","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00198","article-title":"Two-Step Generation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells from Mouse Fibroblasts for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742065","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.742065","article-title":"Microglia in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration: From Understanding to Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Muzio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796704","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.796704","article-title":"Current Knowledge of Microglia in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31797-0","article-title":"Microglia coordinate cellular interactions during spinal cord repair in mice","volume":"13","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadi3259","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adi3259","article-title":"Microglia promote maladaptive plasticity in autonomic circuitry after spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"16","author":"Brennan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114393","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23106","article-title":"Microglia at center stage: A comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Lannes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00488","article-title":"Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response","volume":"12","author":"Bachiller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-02044","article-title":"Microglia: A promising therapeutic target in spinal cord injury","volume":"20","author":"Zha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49596-0","article-title":"Adult microglial TGF\u03b21 is required for microglia homeostasis via an autocrine mechanism to maintain cognitive function in mice","volume":"15","author":"Bedolla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2245184.296","article-title":"Activating endogenous neurogenesis for spinal cord injury repair: Recent advances and future prospects","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2020-0200","article-title":"Sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Muheremu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2012.00008","article-title":"Role of transcription factors in peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Patodia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.08.034","article-title":"Role of Axon Guidance Molecules in Ascending and Descending Paths in Spinal Cord Regeneration","volume":"533","author":"Vartak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0416-0","article-title":"Axon Guidance Molecules and Neural Circuit Remodeling After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Hollis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00059","article-title":"Neurotrophins and spinal circuit function","volume":"8","author":"Boyce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917527","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.917527","article-title":"A Brief Overview on BDNF-Trk Pathway in the Nervous System: A Potential Biomarker or Possible Target in Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis?","volume":"13","author":"Iacono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.134","article-title":"BDNF-TrkB signaling through Erk1\/2 MAPK phosphorylation mediates the enhancement of fear memory induced by glucocorticoids","volume":"19","author":"Revest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247422","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1247422","article-title":"Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the pathogenesis of stress-related brain diseases","volume":"16","author":"Numakawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.09.011","article-title":"Exogenous BDNF enhances the integration of chronically injured axons that regenerate through a peripheral nerve grafted into a chondroitinase-treated spinal cord injury site","volume":"239","author":"Tom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-012-1388-6","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors in combinatorial approaches for spinal cord regeneration","volume":"349","author":"McCall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5595","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804735115","article-title":"NT3-chitosan enables de novo regeneration and functional recovery in monkeys after spinal cord injury","volume":"115","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minnone, G., De Benedetti, F., and Bracci-Laudiero, L. (2017). NGF and Its Receptors in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051028"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keefe, K.M., Sheikh, I.S., and Smith, G.M. (2017). Targeting Neurotrophins to Specific Populations of Neurons: NGF, BDNF, and NT-3 and Their Relevance for Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030548"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-023-00726-1","article-title":"A network map of GDNF\/RET signaling pathway in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"17","author":"Mol","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-365","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of gene expression clusters in motor neurons following spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Ryge","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20934","article-title":"Multiple transcription factor families regulate axon growth and regeneration","volume":"71","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967472","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.967472","article-title":"Analysis of neuronal injury transcriptional response identifies CTCF and YY1 as co-operating factors regulating axon regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Avraham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00287","article-title":"The Landscape of Gene Expression and Molecular Regulation Following Spinal Cord Hemisection in Rats","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.10.026","article-title":"Transcription factor Sox11b is involved in spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish","volume":"172","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3670","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression in rats with spinal cord injury based on microarray data","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02041-6","article-title":"Knockdown of long non-coding RNA LEF1-AS1 attenuates apoptosis and inflammatory injury of microglia cells following spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mun, S., Han, K., and Hyun, J.K. (2022). The Time Sequence of Gene Expression Changes after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142236"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22828-3","article-title":"Co-occupancy identifies transcription factor co-operation for axon growth","volume":"12","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00805-4","article-title":"The transcription factor combination MEF2 and KLF7 promotes axonal sprouting in the injured spinal cord with functional improvement and regeneration-associated gene expression","volume":"20","author":"Attwell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9990","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205912","article-title":"Analysis and experimental validation of genes and their transcription factor prediction in contused rat spinal cord at the intermediate phase","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20961852","article-title":"Targeting axon guidance cues for neural circuit repair after spinal cord injury","volume":"41","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2006.04.006","article-title":"Roles of Eph receptors and ephrins in the normal and damaged adult CNS","volume":"52","author":"Goldshmit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.03.028","article-title":"Evidence for an Age-Dependent Decline in Axon Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System","volume":"15","author":"Geoffroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101489","article-title":"Effects on age on spinal cord lesion patients\u2019 rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Scivoletto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-022-00698-8","article-title":"Human adult hippocampal neurogenesis is back, again?","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01136-8","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis shapes adaptation and improves stress response: A mechanistic and integrative perspective","volume":"27","author":"Surget","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03497-x","article-title":"New neurons are born in the adult human brain","volume":"31","author":"Gage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.03.015","article-title":"Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis Persists throughout Aging","volume":"22","author":"Boldrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00190","article-title":"The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System","volume":"8","author":"Sutherland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20230547","article-title":"Age-dependent regenerative mechanisms in the brain","volume":"52","author":"Vanacore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3002094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002094","article-title":"Ribosomal S6 kinases determine intrinsic axonal regeneration capacity","volume":"21","author":"Mellado","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017153","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1017153","article-title":"Improving translatability of spinal cord injury research by including age as a demographic variable","volume":"16","author":"Stewart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2014.00002","article-title":"Age at spinal cord injury determines muscle strength","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-021-03477-w","article-title":"New insights into glial scar formation after spinal cord injury","volume":"387","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0468","article-title":"Recovery from a spinal cord injury: Significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair","volume":"25","author":"Curt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt204","article-title":"Undirected compensatory plasticity contributes to neuronal dysfunction after severe spinal cord injury","volume":"136","author":"Beauparlant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0280-3","article-title":"The translational landscape in spinal cord injury: Focus on neuroplasticity and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00638-0","article-title":"Impact of commonly administered drugs on the progression of spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e841","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007998","article-title":"High-dose methylprednisolone for acute traumatic spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2005.20.1.132","article-title":"Effects of methylprednisolone on the neural conduction of the motor evoked potentials in spinal cord injured rats","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.01.002","article-title":"Spatial distribution and acute anti-inflammatory effects of Methylprednisolone after sustained local delivery to the contused spinal cord","volume":"29","author":"Chvatal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"Cd001046","article-title":"Steroids for acute spinal cord injury","volume":"1","author":"Bracken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.238603","article-title":"Melatonin for the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218553","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1218553","article-title":"Melatonin, a natural antioxidant therapy in spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160309123554","article-title":"Neuroprotection by Estrogen and Progesterone in Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"14","author":"Brotfain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.830","article-title":"17beta-estradiol is protective in spinal cord injury in post- and pre-menopausal rats","volume":"23","author":"Chaovipoch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(10)08","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on functional and neurological recovery after spinal cord injury: An experimental study with rats","volume":"70","author":"Letaif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(01)10","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"70","author":"Nazli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3963","article-title":"Methylprednisolone for the Treatment of Patients with Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study from a Canadian Multi-Center Spinal Cord Injury Registry","volume":"32","author":"Evaniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03414","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of steroid treatment for acute spinal cord injury: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Sultan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"3881","article-title":"Hormonal therapy in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101694","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in women with spinal cord injury\u2014A survey with literature review","volume":"43","author":"Khong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2017.11.6.903","article-title":"Effects of Atorvastatin in Patients with Acute Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"11","author":"Aghazadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-020-00378-y","article-title":"Statin use is associated with reduced motor recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Triplet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser. Cases"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-023-00526-4","article-title":"Biomaterial-based regenerative therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362494","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1362494","article-title":"Biomaterials targeting the microenvironment for spinal cord injury repair: Progression and perspectives","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S501121","article-title":"Research Progress on Biomaterials for Spinal Cord Repair","volume":"20","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.253512","article-title":"Role and prospects of regenerative biomaterials in the repair of spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510194112","article-title":"NT3-chitosan elicits robust endogenous neurogenesis to enable functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01010-1","article-title":"Chronic spinal cord injury repair by NT3-chitosan only occurs after clearance of the lesion scar","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800315","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800315","article-title":"Functional Multichannel Poly(Propylene Fumarate)-Collagen Scaffold with Collagen-Binding Neurotrophic Factor 3 Promotes Neural Regeneration After Transected Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, C., Deng, L., Yong, Y.-Y., Wu, J.-M., Qin, D.-L., Yu, L., Zhou, X.-G., and Wu, A.-G. (2023). The application of biomaterials in spinal cord injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010816"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181816","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1181816","article-title":"Neuronal regeneration after injury: A new perspective on gene therapy","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16111","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202216111","article-title":"Synaptogenic gene therapy with FGF22 improves circuit plasticity and functional recovery following spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Jacobi","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01861-w","article-title":"CRISPR, Prime Editing, Optogenetics, and DREADDs: New Therapeutic Approaches Provided by Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"57","author":"Paschon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114551","article-title":"PTEN deletion in spinal pathways via retrograde transduction with AAV-RG enhances forelimb motor recovery after cervical spinal cord injury; Sex differences and late-onset pathophysiologies","volume":"370","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058738418801406","DOI":"10.1177\/2058738418801406","article-title":"Portrait of glial scar in neurological diseases","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084101","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1084101","article-title":"Immune response following traumatic spinal cord injury: Pathophysiology and therapies","volume":"13","author":"Sterner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freyermuth-Trujillo, X., Segura-Uribe, J.J., Salgado-Ceballos, H., Orozco-Barrios, C.E., and Coyoy-Salgado, A. (2022). Inflammation: A Target for Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172692"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.46292\/sci23-00044S","article-title":"Challenges in Translating Regenerative Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"29","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad003","article-title":"Recent progress and challenges in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114102","article-title":"The use of viral vectors to promote repair after spinal cord injury","volume":"354","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.347941","article-title":"The potential of gene therapies for spinal cord injury repair: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies","volume":"18","author":"Cunningham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C.W. (2023). Advancing Spinal Cord Injury Treatment through Stem Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Cell Types, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies in Regenerative Medicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814349"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963689721989266","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689721989266","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794692","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.794692","article-title":"Current Concepts of Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Therapy for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2244658.329","article-title":"Advances in Neural Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Safety, Efficacy, and Future Perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01003-2","article-title":"Human induced neural stem cells support functional recovery in spinal cord injury models","volume":"55","author":"Son","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052678899","article-title":"Functional recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury mediated by a unique polymer scaffold seeded with neural stem cells","volume":"99","author":"Teng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinozaki, M., Nagoshi, N., Nakamura, M., and Okano, H. (2021). Mechanisms of Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injuries. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102676"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142owacka, A., Ji, B., Szczepankiewicz, A.A., Skup, M., and Gajewska-Wo\u017aniak, O. (2022). BDNF Spinal Overexpression after Spinal Cord Injury Partially Protects Soleus Neuromuscular Junction from Disintegration, Increasing VAChT and AChE Transcripts in Soleus but Not Tibialis Anterior Motoneurons. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112851"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"100235","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Punjani","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Am. Spine Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349446","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1349446","article-title":"Combinatorial strategies for cell transplantation in traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Jagrit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30898","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30898","article-title":"Functional Recovery from Neural Stem\/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Combined with Treadmill Training in Mice with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"6","author":"Tashiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46259-y","article-title":"Intrathecal delivery of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic spinal cord injury: Phase I trial","volume":"15","author":"Bydon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428164","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1428164","article-title":"Restoring neural circuits after spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Muheremu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.I., Ahmed, N., Ahsan, K., Abbasi, M., Maugeri, R., Chowdhury, D., Bonosi, L., Brunasso, L., Costanzo, R., and Iacopino, D.G. (2023). An Insight into the Prospects and Drawbacks of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injuries: Ongoing Trials and Future Directions. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121697"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141601","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1141601","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury: Mechanisms, current advances and future challenges","volume":"14","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvi, M.A., Pedro, K.M., Quddusi, A.I., and Fehlings, M.G. (2024). Advances and Challenges in Spinal Cord Injury Treatments. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13144101"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2011.62","article-title":"The effects of exercise training on physical capacity, strength, body composition and functional performance among adults with spinal cord injury: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Hicks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-023-00911-4","article-title":"Early and intensive Motor Training for people with spinal cord injuries (the SCI-MT Trial): Description of the intervention","volume":"61","author":"Ben","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.8","article-title":"Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries","volume":"6","author":"Nas","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E398","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003789","article-title":"Clinical Benefit of Rehabilitation Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_220","first-page":"2540","article-title":"Treadmill step training promotes spinal cord neural plasticity after incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.07.004","article-title":"Treadmill training induced lumbar motoneuron dendritic plasticity and behavior recovery in adult rats after a thoracic contusive spinal cord injury","volume":"271","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/biohorizons\/hzr003","article-title":"The use of treadmill training to recover locomotor ability in patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"4","author":"Frood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosci. Horiz. Int. J. Stud. Res."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2023-0227","article-title":"Exercise prescription for persons with spinal cord injury: A review of physiological considerations and evidence-based guidelines","volume":"48","author":"Pelletier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-022-03459-w","article-title":"The efficacy of gait rehabilitations for the treatment of incomplete spinal cord injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Patathong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2007.02.0022","article-title":"Treadmill training after spinal cord injury: It\u2019s not just about the walking","volume":"45","author":"Hicks","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101774","article-title":"Body weight supported treadmill training in acute spinal cord injury: Impact on muscle and bone","volume":"43","author":"Giangregorio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.230039","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.1.52","article-title":"Robotic-assisted, body-weight-supported treadmill training in individuals following motor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"Hornby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.07.019","article-title":"Robot-assisted gait training in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review for the clinical effectiveness of Lokomat","volume":"91","author":"Alashram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0392","article-title":"Treadmill training after spinal cord hemisection in mice promotes axonal sprouting and synapse formation and improves motor recovery","volume":"25","author":"Goldshmit","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.81.1.85","article-title":"Retention of hindlimb stepping ability in adult spinal cats after the cessation of step training","volume":"81","author":"Hodgson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.112977","article-title":"Photobiomodulation for spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"224","author":"Ramezani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"1782","article-title":"Potential targets and mechanisms of photobiomodulation for spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87300-4","article-title":"Evaluation of transcriptomic changes after photobiomodulation in spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Stevens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768262","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.768262","article-title":"Photobiomodulation Promotes Repair Following Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the Transformation of A1\/A2 Reactive Astrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991421","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.991421","article-title":"Photobiomodulation promotes repair following spinal cord injury by restoring neuronal mitochondrial bioenergetics via AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1\/TFAM pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200059","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202200059","article-title":"Effects of photobiomodulation in experimental spinal cord injury models: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10674","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10674","article-title":"Implantable and transcutaneous photobiomodulation promote neuroregeneration and recovery of lost function after spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095259","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1095259","article-title":"Electrical stimulation for the treatment of spinal cord injuries: A review of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive functional improvements","volume":"17","author":"Dorrian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.05.001","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation and spinal cord injury","volume":"25","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"e61436","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation and Motor Function Rehabilitation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Kanakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa052","article-title":"Corticospinal-motor neuronal plasticity promotes exercise-mediated recovery in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"143","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20703-1","article-title":"Recruitment of upper-limb motoneurons with epidural electrical stimulation of the cervical spinal cord","volume":"12","author":"Greiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282558","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1282558","article-title":"Epidural combined optical and electrical stimulation induces high-specificity activation of target muscles in spinal cord injured rats","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.115112","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation combined with photobiomodulation restores hindlimb motor function in rats with thoracic spinal cord injury","volume":"385","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69127-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation with transcranial direct current stimulation contributes to motor function recovery via microglia in spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Oishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.7012.2019453","article-title":"Non-invasive brain and spinal cord stimulation for motor and functional recovery after a spinal cord injury","volume":"70","author":"Kumru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03306-x","article-title":"Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation augments walking after spinal cord injury","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219590","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1219590","article-title":"Research progress on the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005111","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.1005111","article-title":"Utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the assessment of spinal cord injury: Current status and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Rehabil. Sci."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wincek, A., Huber, J., Leszczy\u0144ska, K., Fortuna, W., Okurowski, S., Chmielak, K., and Tabakow, P. (2021). The Long-Term Effect of Treatment Using the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation rTMS in Patients after Incomplete Cervical or Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132975"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00703-8","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on recovery in lower limb muscle strength and gait function following spinal cord injury: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Krogh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e053476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053476","article-title":"Effects of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex versus motor cortex in patients with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: A study protocol","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749465","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.749465","article-title":"Restoring Sensorimotor Function Through Neuromodulation After Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Remaining Challenges","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.11.019","article-title":"Muscle spindle feedback directs locomotor recovery and circuit reorganization after spinal cord injury","volume":"159","author":"Takeoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.024","article-title":"Generating artificial sensations with spinal cord stimulation in primates and rodents","volume":"14","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26678-x","article-title":"Multisensory integration in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Vastano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149024","article-title":"Strategies for Rapid Muscle Fatigue Reduction during FES Exercise in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Ibitoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, S., Wang, W., and Zheng, X. (2025). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury: Current Status and Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020825"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.21989.1","article-title":"Novel innovations in cell and gene therapies for spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Zavvarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6596\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:22Z","timestamp":1760033242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"references-count":260,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26146596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146596","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]}}}