{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:12:58Z","timestamp":1777896778725,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences","award":["Donation No. 179206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Donation No. 179206"]}]},{"name":"Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences","award":["CRMS\/23-24\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRMS\/23-24\/04"]}]},{"name":"Cluster Research Matching Scheme of Hong Kong Baptist University","award":["Donation No. 179206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Donation No. 179206"]}]},{"name":"Cluster Research Matching Scheme of Hong Kong Baptist University","award":["CRMS\/23-24\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRMS\/23-24\/04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural stem cells have shown great potential in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), because of their ability to differentiate into various types of neural cells and substitute for damaged neurons. Their clinical application is, however, impeded by limitations such as low survival rates following transplantation, low efficiency of differentiation, the potential for tumorigenesis, and the risk of immune rejection by the host. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have become increasingly popular as an alternative tool in regenerative medicine due to their accessibility, multipotency, and low immunogenicity. The recent advance in inducing ADSCs into neural stem cell-like cells (iNSCs) opens up a new avenue for the treatment of PD by restoring dopaminergic neuron populations. Here, the biological characteristics, induction protocols, molecular mechanisms, and prospective applications of ADSCs in neural repair are summarized systematically. We also covered current technical challenges, such as differentiation protocol optimization and functional integration, and future perspectives, including biomaterial and gene editing applications to enhance ADSC-based therapies. With these challenges met, ADSCs hold excellent potential for advancing personalized and combination therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"6599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["From Adipose to Action: Reprogramming Stem Cells for Functional Neural Progenitors for Neural Regenerative Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0505-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken Kin Lam","family":"Yung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8683-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King-ho","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Golden Meditech Centre for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.032","article-title":"Hallmarks of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"186","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2023017","article-title":"Depletion of Dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Relevant Therapeutic Options: A Review of the Literature","volume":"10","author":"Ramesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the Diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00347-2","article-title":"A Review on Pathology, Mechanism, and Therapy for Cerebellum and Tremor in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Park. 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