{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:31:18Z","timestamp":1791570678772,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH GRANT SCHEME, Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE)","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG03\/UKM\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG03\/UKM\/02\/2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Co-infections of dengue serotypes and dengue with other flaviviruses pose substantial hurdles in disease diagnosis, treatment options, and disease management. The overlapping geographic distributions and mosquito vectors significantly enhance the probability of co-infections. Co-infections may result in more severe disease outcomes due to elevated viral loads, modulation of the immune response, and antibody enhancement. Cross-reactivity in serological assays and the likeness of clinical presentations add to the ongoing challenges in disease diagnosis. Molecular diagnostics such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are, therefore, employed for more specific disease diagnosis although requiring substantial resources. Despite the advancements, specific anti-flaviviral therapy is still limited, hence the urgency for further investigative research into various therapeutic approaches, including peptide inhibitors, host-targeted therapies, and RNA-based interventions. This review discusses the epidemiology, clinical ramifications, and diagnostic obstacles associated with flavivirus co-infections whilst assessing prospective strategies for better disease prevention, treatment, and management. Addressing these critical gaps is essential for disease mitigation whilst improving patient management especially in regions where co-circulation of flaviviruses is common and their diseases are highly endemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T12:46:33Z","timestamp":1752237993000},"page":"6609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dengue and Flavivirus Co-Infections: Challenges in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Disease Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rosmen","family":"Sufi Aiman Sabrina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7724-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Azila","family":"Muhammad Azami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2449-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Boon","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia"},{"name":"One Health UKM, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, February 18). WHO Launches Global Strategic Plan to Fight Rising Dengue and Other Aedes-Borne Arboviral Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/03-10-2024-who-launches-global-strategic-plan-to-fight-rising-dengue-and-other-aedes-borne-arboviral-diseases?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00660-8","article-title":"Structure of Dengue Virus: Implications for Flavivirus Organization, Maturation, and Fusion","volume":"108","author":"Kuhn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1219_18","article-title":"Concurrent Dengue Infections: Epidemiology & Clinical Implications","volume":"154","author":"Sirisena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.01.099","article-title":"Dynamics Analysis of a Zika\u2013Dengue Co-Infection Model with Dengue Vaccine and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement","volume":"522","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suppiah, J., Ching, S.M., Amin-Nordin, S., Mat-Nor, L.A., Ahmad-Najimudin, N.A., Low, G.K.K., Abdul-Wahid, M.Z., Thayan, R., and Chee, H.Y. (2018). Clinical Manifestations of Dengue in Relation to Dengue Serotype and Genotype in Malaysia: A Retrospective Observational Study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006817"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652013000400009","article-title":"Co-Infection of Dengue Virus by Serotypes 1 and 4 in Patient from Medium Sized City from Brazil","volume":"55","author":"Colombo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, L., and Xing, L. (2024). Editorial: The Biological Mechanism and Health Effect of Co-Infection with Multiple Pathogens. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1370067"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ten Bosch, Q.A., Singh, B.K., Hassan, M.R.A., Chadee, D.D., and Michael, E. (2016). The Role of Serotype Interactions and Seasonality in Dengue Model Selection and Control: Insights from a Pattern Matching Approach. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004680"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, E., Prakoso, D., Imtiaz, K., Malik, F., Farooqi, J.Q., Long, M.T., and Barr, K.L. (2020). The Clinical Features of Co-Circulating Dengue Viruses and the Absence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00287"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000229","article-title":"Dengue Virus Co-Infections with Multiple Serotypes Do Not Result in a Different Clinical Outcome Compared to Mono-Infections","volume":"148","author":"Senaratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.725","article-title":"Common Occurrence of concurrent Infections by Multiple Dengue Virus Serotypes","volume":"61","author":"Cropp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, J., Gallichotte, E.N., Randall, J., Glass, A., Foy, B.D., Ebel, G.D., and Kading, R.C. (2023). Intrinsic Factors Driving Mosquito Vector Competence and Viral Evolution: A Review. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1330600"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15412","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15412","article-title":"Impact of Simultaneous Exposure to Arboviruses on Infection and Transmission by Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Barbosa, H., Lyke, K.E., Leguia, M., Weiskopf, D., Khanam, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Barbosa, H., Lyke, K.E., and Chua, J. (2022). V Immune-Mediated Pathogenesis in Dengue Virus Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112575"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, V.D.C.A., De Bastos, M.S., Ramasawmy, R., De Figueiredo, R.P., Gimaque, J.B.L., Braga, W.S.M., Nogueira, M.L., Nozawa, S., Naveca, F.G., and Figueiredo, L.T.M. (2014). Clinical and Virological Descriptive Study in the 2011 Outbreak of Dengue in the Amazonas, Brazil. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100535"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-024-00872-z","article-title":"Kinetics of Dengue Viremia and Its Association with Disease Severity: An Ambispective Study","volume":"35","author":"Bhatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phanthanawiboon, S., Ekalaksananan, T., Chuerduangphui, J., Suwannatrai, A.T., Aromseree, S., Alexander, N., Overgaard, H.J., Thongchai, P., Burassakarn, A., and Pientong, C. (2025). Prevalence and Characteristics of Dengue Virus Co-Infection in Patients and Mosquitoes Collected from Patients\u2019 Houses. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314553"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"117","article-title":"Double Trouble: A Review of Dengue Virus Co-Infections and Their Impact on Disease Severity","volume":"9","author":"Sujitha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Entomol. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhanoa, A., Hassan, S.S., Ngim, C.F., Lau, C.F., Chan, T.S., Adnan, N.A.A., Eng, W.W.H., Gan, H.M., and Rajasekaram, G. (2016). Impact of Dengue Virus (DENV) Co-Infection on Clinical Manifestations, Disease Severity and Laboratory Parameters. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1731-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2102.141553","article-title":"Co-Infection with Zika and Dengue Viruses in 2 Patients, New Caledonia, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Calvez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.12.002","article-title":"Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Co-Infection in a Patient from Colombia","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.01.015","article-title":"Model-Informed Risk Assessment for Zika Virus Outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific Regions","volume":"74","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9304202200040002","article-title":"Motor Development of Children Exposed to The Zika Virus: Systematic Reviews","volume":"22","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Sa\u00fade Matern. Infant."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7852","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607931113","article-title":"Human Antibody Responses after Dengue Virus Infection Are Highly Cross-Reactive to Zika Virus","volume":"113","author":"Priyamvada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.72","article-title":"Dengue Virus Antibodies Enhance Zika Virus Infection","volume":"5","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3515","article-title":"Dengue Virus Sero-Cross-Reactivity Drives Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection with Zika Virus","volume":"17","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.12.073","article-title":"Status of Vaccine Research and Development of Vaccines for Dengue","volume":"34","author":"Vannice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6836","article-title":"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Severe Dengue Disease in Humans","volume":"358","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.089","article-title":"Dengvaxia Sensitizes Seronegatives to Vaccine Enhanced Disease Regardless of Age","volume":"35","author":"Halstead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3201","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003201","article-title":"Investigation into an Outbreak of Dengue-like Illness in Pernambuco, Brazil, Revealed a Cocirculation of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Virus Type 1","volume":"95","author":"Pessoa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.03.007","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients with Zika and Dengue Virus Co-Infection in Singapore","volume":"74","author":"Chia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652015000300006","article-title":"Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus in Mato Grosso, Central-Western Brazil","volume":"57","author":"Heinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"504","article-title":"The Global Distribution and Burden of Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Co-Infection in Acute Encephalitis Syndrome","volume":"496","author":"Saxena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00111-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00111-17","article-title":"Virological and Immunological Outcomes of Coinfections","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2014.04.008","article-title":"Current Zika Virus Epidemiology and Recent Epidemics","volume":"44","author":"Ioos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"WHO (2012). Handbook for Clinical Management of Dengue WHO and Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) Report, WHO."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Made Susila Utama, I., Lukman, N., Sukmawati, D.D., Alisjahbana, B., Alam, A., Murniati, D., Made Gede Dwi Lingga Utama, I., Puspitasari, D., Kosasih, H., and Laksono, I. (2019). Dengue Viral Infection in Indonesia: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Challenges, and Mutations from an Observational Cohort Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007785"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05778-1","article-title":"Co-Infection of Dengue and Zika Viruses Mutually Enhances Viral Replication in the Mosquito Aedes Aegypti","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1941","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1941","article-title":"Impact of Transmission Cycles and Vector Competence on Global Expansion and Emergence of Arboviruses","volume":"27","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2018.6","article-title":"Arbovirus Lifecycle in Mosquito: Acquisition, Propagation and Transmission","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Wang, J., Wei, Y.H., Song, Z., Hu, K., Chen, Y., Zhou, G., Zhong, D., and Zheng, X. (2021). Vector Competence for DENV-2 Among Aedes Albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in China. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.649975"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellone, R., and Failloux, A.B. (2020). The Role of Temperature in Shaping Mosquito-Borne Viruses Transmission. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.584846"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, F., Bansal, D., Rehman, A.U., Ajjur, S.B., Skariah, S., Belhaouari, S.B., Al-Romaihi, H., Al-Thani, M.H.J., Farag, E., and Sultan, A.A. (2023). Assessing the Impact of Climate Conditions on the Distribution of Mosquito Species in Qatar. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.970694"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14228","article-title":"Humidity\u2014The Overlooked Variable in the Thermal Biology of Mosquito-Borne Disease","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"19839","article-title":"Dengue Viruses\u2014An Overview","volume":"3","author":"Lundkvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soo, K.M., Khalid, B., Ching, S.M., and Chee, H.Y. (2016). Meta-Analysis of Dengue Severity during Infection by Different Dengue Virus Serotypes in Primary and Secondary Infections. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154760"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001990","article-title":"Occurrence of Co-Infection with Dengue Viruses during 2014 in New Delhi, India","volume":"145","author":"Tazeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_12_19","article-title":"Clinicolaboratory Profile of Expanded Dengue Syndrome\u2014Our Experience in a Teaching Hospital","volume":"8","author":"Mohanty","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_2380_20","article-title":"Viral Characteristics and Clinical Presentation in Dengue Co-Infection- Findings from a Facility Based Observational Study in Odisha, India","volume":"10","author":"Turuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0202.960210","article-title":"Potential Risk for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: The Isolation of Serotype Dengue-3 in Mexico","volume":"2","author":"Montesano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890340109","article-title":"Demonstration of Concurrent Dengue 1 and Dengue 3 Infection in Six Patients by the Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"34","author":"Laille","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_15_536","article-title":"Co-Circulation of All Four Dengue Virus Serotypes: First Report from Odisha","volume":"35","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thai, K.T.D., Nishiura, H., Hoang, P.L., Tran, N.T.T., Phan, G.T., Le, H.Q., Tran, B.Q., Van Nguyen, N., and de Vries, P.J. (2011). Age-Specificity of Clinical Dengue during Primary and Secondary Infections. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001180"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"849","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Dengue Virus Serotypes Causing Concurrent Infection in an Outbreak in Ernakulam, Kerala, South India","volume":"48","author":"Anoop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian. J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahri, S., Yohan, B., Trimarsanto, H., Sayono, S., Hadisaputro, S., Dharmana, E., Syafruddin, D., and Sasmono, R.T. (2013). Molecular Surveillance of Dengue in Semarang, Indonesia Revealed the Circulation of an Old Genotype of Dengue Virus Serotype-1. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002354"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.01.013","article-title":"Concurrent Infections of Dengue Viruses Serotype 2 and 3 in Patient with Severe Dengue from Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Lardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1507.080638","article-title":"Co-Infections with Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus in Delhi, India","volume":"15","author":"Chahar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"760","article-title":"Zika Virus: A Review to Clinicians","volume":"28","author":"Luz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2016.1499","article-title":"Zika Virus in the Americas: An Obscure Arbovirus Comes Calling","volume":"152","author":"Stamm","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-6494-4","article-title":"Dengue and Zika Viruses: Lessons Learned from the Similarities between These Aedes Mosquito-Vectored Arboviruses","volume":"55","author":"Suwanmanee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881800359X","article-title":"Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Virus Coinfection: Results of the National Surveillance during the Zika Epidemic in Colombia","volume":"147","author":"Corchuelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bang, Y.X., Sher, G.L., Richard, T.H.T., and Farhad, F.V. (2016). A Case Series of Atypical Presentation of Zika Virus Infection in Singapore. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2032-y"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.84896","article-title":"Dengue Encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Borawake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"169","article-title":"Dengue Virus and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Co-Infection: A Case Report","volume":"6","author":"Kathuria","year":"2020","journal-title":"IP Int. J. Med. Paediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.198194","article-title":"Diagnostic Dilemma\u2014Dengue or Japanese Encephalitis?","volume":"65","author":"Sivamani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laureti, M., Narayanan, D., Rodriguez-Andres, J., Fazakerley, J.K., and Kedzierski, L. (2018). Flavivirus Receptors: Diversity, Identity, and Cell Entry. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02180"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"73404","article-title":"Viral Interference and Persistence in Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60007-9","article-title":"Co-Positivity of Anti-Dengue Virus and Anti-Japanese Encephalitis Virus IgM in Endemic Area: Co-Infection or Cross Reactivity?","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.06.007","article-title":"Simultaneous Infection by DENV-3 and SLEV in Brazil","volume":"40","author":"Mondini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bifani, A.M., Siriphanitchakorn, T., and Choy, M.M. (2022). Intra-Host Diversity of Dengue Virus in Mosquito Vectors. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.888804"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, Y.K., Wong, W.F., Vignesh, R., Chattopadhyay, I., Velu, V., Tan, H.Y., Zhang, Y., Larsson, M., and Shankar, E.M. (2022). Dengue Infection\u2014Recent Advances in Disease Pathogenesis in the Era of COVID-19. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889196"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Herencia, J.S.S. (2020). Lessons Learned and Recent Advances in Dengue Research. Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective, Intech Open."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"WHO, and TDR (2009). Dengue Guidelines, for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hgmx.2016.09.011","article-title":"Clinical and Differential Diagnosis: Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika","volume":"81","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d Hosp. General. M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). Comprehensive Guideline for Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, World Health Organization. Revised and Expanded Edition."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prommool, T., Sethanant, P., Phaenthaisong, N., Tangthawornchaikul, N., Songjaeng, A., Avirutnan, P., Mairiang, D., Luangaram, P., Srisawat, C., and Kasinrerk, W. (2021). High Performance Dengue Virus Antigen-Based Serotyping-NS1-ELISA (plus): A Simple Alternative Approach to Identify Dengue Virus Serotypes in Acute Dengue Specimens. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009065"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman, M.G., Jaenisch, T., Gaczkowski, R., Hang, V.T.T., Sekaran, S.D., Kroeger, A., Vazquez, S., Ruiz, D., Martinez, E., and Mercado, J.C. (2010). Multi-Country Evaluation of the Sensitivity and Specificity of Two Commercially-Available NS1 ELISA Assays for Dengue Diagnosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000811"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L.K., Wong, W.Y., Yang, H.T., Huber, R.G., Bond, P.J., Ng, L.C., Maurer-Stroh, S., and Hapuarachchi, H.C. (2019). Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity to Dengue Nonstructural Protein 1 Antigen Detection Assays. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10010011"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronel-Ruiz, C., Velandia-Romero, M.L., Calvo, E., Camacho-Ortega, S., Parra-Alvarez, S., Beltr\u00e1n-Zu\u00f1iga, E., Calder\u00f3n-Pelaez, M.-A., Cort\u00e9s-Mu\u00f1oz, F., Rojas-Hernandez, J.P., and Velasco-Alvarez, S. (2021). Improving Dengue Case Confirmation by Combining Rapid Diagnostic Test, Clinical, and Laboratory Variables. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.21.21257609"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luvira, V., Thawornkuno, C., Lawpoolsri, S., Thippornchai, N., Duangdee, C., Ngamprasertchai, T., and Leaungwutiwong, P. (2023). Diagnostic Performance of Dengue NS1 and Antibodies by Serum Concentration Technique. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8020117"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, S.C., Huang, Y.Y., Wey, J.J., Tsai, M.H., Chen, Y.L., Shu, P.Y., Chang, S.F., Hung, Y.J., Hou, J.N., and Lin, C.C. (2022). Development of Novel Dengue NS1 Multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay to Differentiate Serotypes in Serum of Acute Phase Patients and Infected Mosquitoes. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.852452"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2025, February 19). World Health Organisation Dengue and Severe Dengue. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dengue-and-severe-dengue?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0628","article-title":"Dengue Serotype-Specific Differences in Clinical Manifestation, Laboratory Parameters and Risk of Severe Disease in Adults, Singapore","volume":"92","author":"Yung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad500.709","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad500.709","article-title":"645. Risk of Disease Severity and Disease Outcomes with Serotype-Specific Dengue Virus among Hospitalized Dengue Patients in a Tertiary Infectious Diseases Hospital: A Five-Year Retrospective Study","volume":"10","author":"Sayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0328-9","article-title":"Dengue-Specific Serotype Related to Clinical Severity during the 2012\/2013 Epidemic in Centre of Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.4103\/JLP.JLP_13_18","article-title":"Coinfection of Chikungunya and Dengue Viruses: A Serological Study from North Western Region of Punjab, India","volume":"10","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00562-6","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome Outbreak Associated with Zika Virus Infection in French Polynesia: A Case-Control Study","volume":"387","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0461","article-title":"Optimization and Validation of a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test for the Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies to Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus Used in Support of Dengue Vaccine Development","volume":"88","author":"Timiryasova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loyola, S., Huaman, A., Popuche, D., Castillo, E., Ampuero, J.S., Silva, M., Guevara, C., and Watts, D.M. (2021). Evaluation of Two Serological Assays for Diagnosing Zika Virus Infection. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091696"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.01.045","article-title":"Zika Virus Serology: More Diagnostic Targets, More Reliable Answers?","volume":"16","author":"Panning","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.03.006","article-title":"A Rapid Zika Diagnostic Assay to Measure Neutralizing Antibodies in Patients","volume":"17","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favresse, J., Gillot, C., Oliveira, M., Cadrobbi, J., Elsen, M., Eucher, C., Laffineur, K., Rosseels, C., Van Eeckhoudt, S., and Nicolas, J.B. (2021). Head-to-Head Comparison of Rapid and Automated Antigen Detection Tests for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020265"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.072","article-title":"Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Rapid Antigen Detection Tests for COVID-19 in a Hospital Setting","volume":"107","author":"Bruzzone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00842-06","article-title":"Development of Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays for Detecting Eight Medically Important Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes","volume":"45","author":"Chao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.09.001","article-title":"Simultaneous Detection of Zika, Chikungunya and Dengue Viruses by a Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assay","volume":"83","author":"Pabbaraju","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27658","article-title":"Simultaneous Detection of Zika, Chikungunya, Dengue, Yellow Fever, West Nile, and Japanese Encephalitis Viruses by a Two-Tube Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assay","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6754","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817867116","article-title":"Multiplex Targeted Mass Spectrometry Assay for One-Shot Flavivirus Diagnosis","volume":"116","author":"Wee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2023.13005","article-title":"CRISPR-based Diagnostic Approaches: Implications for Rapid Management of Future Pandemics (Review)","volume":"27","author":"Shariq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.212491","article-title":"Retrospective Genomic Characterization of a 2017 Dengue Virus Outbreak, Burkina Faso","volume":"28","author":"Letizia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reteng, P., Nguyen Thuy, L., Tran Thi Minh, T., Mares-Guia, M.A.M.d.M., Torres, M.C., de Filippis, A.M.B., Orba, Y., Kobayashi, S., Hayashida, K., and Sawa, H. (2021). A Targeted Approach with Nanopore Sequencing for the Universal Detection and Identification of Flaviviruses. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98013-9"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frazer, J.L., and Norton, R. (2024). Dengue: A Review of Laboratory Diagnostics in the Vaccine Age. J. Med. Microbiol., 73.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001833"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Importance of Diagnostics in Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness","volume":"4","author":"Nkengasong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.203","article-title":"Human T Cell Responses to Dengue and Zika Virus Infection Compared to Dengue\/Zika Coinfection","volume":"6","author":"Gandini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollidge, B.S., Weiss, S.R., and Soldan, S.S. (2011). The Role of Interferon Antagonist, Non-Structural Proteins in the Pathogenesis and Emergence of Arboviruses. Viruses, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060629"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22487","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c03536","article-title":"Overview of Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics of Infectious Diseases: Dengue and Zika","volume":"6","author":"Jayachandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1086\/339547","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus Superinfection and Recombination: Current State of Knowledge and Potential Clinical Consequences","volume":"34","author":"Blackard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, F.K., Liao, C.L., Hu, M.K., Chiu, Y.L., Lee, A.R., Huang, S.M., Chiu, Y.L., Tsai, P.L., Su, B.C., and Chang, T.H. (2020). Antiviral Activity of Compound L3 against Dengue and Zika Viruses In Vitro and In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114050"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/oca.2483","article-title":"On the Co-Infection of Dengue Fever and Zika Virus","volume":"40","author":"Bonyah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optim. Control Appl. Methods"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.21875","article-title":"Peptides as Therapeutic Agents for Dengue Virus","volume":"14","author":"Chew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363240-00005","article-title":"Enfuvirtide","volume":"63","author":"Dando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songprakhon, P., Thaingtamtanha, T., Limjindaporn, T., Puttikhunt, C., Srisawat, C., Luangaram, P., Dechtawewat, T., Uthaipibull, C., Thongsima, S., and Yenchitsomanus, P.-T. (2020). Peptides Targeting Dengue Viral Nonstructural Protein 1 Inhibit Dengue Virus Production. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69515-9"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03990-6","article-title":"A Pan-Serotype Dengue Virus Inhibitor Targeting the NS3\u2013NS4B Interaction","volume":"598","author":"Kaptein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajmal, A., Shahab, M., Waqas, M., Zheng, G., Zulfat, M., Bin Jardan, Y.A., Wondmie, G.F., Bourhia, M., and Ali, I. (2024). In Silico Design of Peptide Inhibitors for Dengue Virus to Treat Dengue Virus-Associated Infections. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63064-1"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-49","article-title":"Peptide Inhibitors of Dengue Virus and West Nile Virus Infectivity","volume":"2","author":"Hrobowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115227","article-title":"N-Sulfonyl Peptide-Hybrids as a New Class of Dengue Virus Protease Inhibitors","volume":"251","author":"Behrouz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125823","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01258-23","article-title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of DV-B-120 as an Inhibitor of Dengue Virus Infection","volume":"98","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.S., Lu, C.H., Lin, T.H., Kiu, Y.T., Kan, J.Y., Chang, Y.J., Hung, P.Y., Koval\u2019skaya, A.V., Tsypyshev, D.O., and Tsypysheva, I.P. (2024). Inhibition of Dengue Viruses by N-Methylcytisine Thio Derivatives through Targeting Viral Envelope Protein and NS2B-NS3 Protease. Bioorg Med. Chem. Lett., 99.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2024.129623"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, T.T.N., Hvasta, M.G., Kudlacek, S.T., Thiono, D.J., Tripathy, A., Nicely, N.I., de Silva, A.M., and Kuhlman, B. (2022). A Conserved Set of Mutations for Stabilizing Soluble Envelope Protein Dimers from Dengue and Zika Viruses to Advance the Development of Subunit Vaccines. J. Biol. Chem., 298.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102079"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, M.A. (2010). RNA Interference and Viruses: Current Innovations and Future Trends, Caister Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-270","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Small Interfering RNA on Dengue Virus Replication in Mosquito Cells","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i39.5169","article-title":"RNA Interference and Antiviral Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol. WJG"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leggewie, M., and Schnettler, E. (2023). The Aedes Aegypti RNA Interference Response against Zika Virus in the Context of Co-Infection with Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011456"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"54767","article-title":"Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons","volume":"2016","author":"Contreras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munjal, A., Khandia, R., Dhama, K., Sachan, S., Karthik, K., Tiwari, R., Malik, Y.S., Kumar, D., Singh, R.K., and Iqbal, H.M.N. (2017). Advances in Developing Therapies to Combat Zika Virus: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01469"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Z.-Z., Ho, Y.-J., Lu, J.-W., Jang, J., Chu, H., and Mok, C.K. (2020). Harringtonine Inhibits Zika Virus Infection through Multiple Mechanisms. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184082"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202000464","article-title":"Broad-Spectrum Flavivirus Inhibitors: A Medicinal Chemistry Point of View","volume":"15","author":"Felicetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113683","article-title":"System-Oriented Optimization of Multi-Target 2,6-Diaminopurine Derivatives: Easily Accessible Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Active against Flaviviruses, Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"224","author":"Vicenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Michiaki, M., Tomohiro, I., Satofumi, K., Motoyasu, T., and Yasufumi, W. (2020). Therapeutic Agent for Flavivirus Infection. (US20220193124A1)."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05021-1","article-title":"Evaluation of Kinase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutics for Flavivirus Infections","volume":"166","author":"Valencia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00590-9","article-title":"TAK-003 Dengue Vaccine as a New Tool to Mitigate Dengue in Countries with a High Disease Burden","volume":"12","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2025, June 26). Dengvaxia\u00ae Vaccine Overview and Updates|Sanofi. Available online: https:\/\/www.sanofi.com\/en\/our-company\/sustainability\/responsible-business-values\/information-on-dengvaxia."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e177610","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI177610","article-title":"Controlled Human Infection Study Underpins Efficacy of the Tetravalent Live-Attenuated Dengue Vaccine TV005","volume":"134","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"(2025, June 26). Zika Vaccine VLA1601\u2014Vax-Before-Travel. Available online: https:\/\/www.vax-before-travel.com\/vaccines\/zika-vaccine-vla1601."},{"key":"ref_134","unstructured":"(2025, June 26). Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine SA14-14-2 Uses, Side Effects & Warnings. Available online: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/mtm\/japanese-encephalitis-virus-vaccine-sa14-14-2.html."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oreshkova, N., Myeni, S.K., Mishra, N., Albulescu, I.C., Dalebout, T.J., Snijder, E.J., Bredenbeek, P.J., Dallmeier, K., and Kikkert, M. (2021). A Yellow Fever 17D Virus Replicon-Based Vaccine Platform for Emerging Coronaviruses. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121492"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ling, L., Zhang, Z., and Marin-Lopez, A. (2022). Current Advances in Zika Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111816"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2025, June 26). Valneva Commences Trial of Second-Generation Zika Vaccine. Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsarena.com\/news\/valneva-trial-zika-vaccine\/."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"(2025, June 26). University of Miami to Begin Phase 2 Zika Vaccine Trial. Available online: https:\/\/news.miami.edu\/stories\/2017\/03\/university-to-begin-phase-2-zika-vaccine-trial.html."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollner, C.J., and Richner, J.M. (2021). MRNA Vaccines against Flaviviruses. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020148"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2024.05.010","article-title":"Next-Generation Dengue Vaccines: Leveraging Peptide-Based Immunogens and Advanced Nanoparticles as Delivery Platforms","volume":"113","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geerling, E., Steffen, T.L., Brien, J.D., and Pinto, A.K. (2020). Current Flavivirus Research Important for Vaccine Development. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030477"},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"9","article-title":"Vaccine Candidates for Arboviruses with Pandemic Potential: A Mini Review","volume":"8","author":"Adekola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Infect Dis AMJ Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010023","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00100-23","article-title":"Subgenomic Flavivirus RNA as Key Target for Live-Attenuated Vaccine Development","volume":"98","author":"Doets","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5812","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02806-12","article-title":"Rational Design of a Flavivirus Vaccine by Abolishing Viral RNA 2\u2032- O Methylation","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185181","article-title":"Cross-Reacting Antibodies Enhance Dengue Virus Infection in Humans","volume":"328","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0714-0","article-title":"The Continued Threat of Emerging Flaviviruses","volume":"5","author":"Pierson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6609\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:39Z","timestamp":1760033259000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26146609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146609","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}