{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:15:13Z","timestamp":1788441313861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent condition characterised by intermittent upper airway obstruction during sleep, resulting in recurrent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. Emerging evidence highlights the significant impact of OSA on neuro-ophthalmological health, linking it to conditions such as glaucoma, optic neuropathy, papilledema, and visual field defects. These associations emphasise the importance of understanding the mechanisms connecting OSA to neuro-ophthalmological disorders to enhance early diagnosis and management. This review explores the pathophysiological pathways, including hypoxia-induced vascular dysregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and intracranial pressure fluctuations, that contribute to ocular and neurological impairments in OSA patients. Advanced diagnostic tools, such as optical coherence tomography and polysomnography, offer promising avenues for detecting subclinical neuro-ophthalmological changes, enabling timely intervention. Management strategies, primarily centred on continuous positive airway pressure therapy, have shown efficacy in mitigating OSA-related neuro-ophthalmological complications. However, surgical and pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modifications remain vital components of a multidisciplinary approach to care. Despite advancements, significant research gaps persist, particularly in understanding the long-term impact of OSA treatment on neuro-ophthalmological outcomes and identifying specific biomarkers for early detection. Future research should prioritise longitudinal studies, interdisciplinary collaborations, and personalised medicine approaches to address these challenges. Recognising and treating neuro-ophthalmological disorders in OSA patients is imperative for improving quality of life and preventing irreversible visual and neurological damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"6649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neuro-Ophthalmological Disorders Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3983-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snje\u017eana","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Kozina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Disorders, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap\u010de, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2090-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Alaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine of Bjelovar-Bilogora County, 43000 Bjelovar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zora","family":"Tomi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Centre of the Croatian Department of Internal Affairs, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Andre\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Clinical Hospital \u201cSestre Milosrdnice\u201d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Bakija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Psychiatry, Psychiatry Hospital \u201cSveti Ivan\u201d, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Bu\u0107an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine Practices, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Mateji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Clinic, Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domagoj","family":"Vidovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Disorders, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap\u010de, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.9952","article-title":"A Transition to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine\u2013Recommended Hypopnea Definition in Adults: Initiatives of the Hypopnea Scoring Rule Task Force","volume":"18","author":"Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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