{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:53:54Z","timestamp":1790268834611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) globally. Despite advances in our understanding of its pathophysiology, current therapies are often insufficient to stop its progression. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs)\u2014small, non-coding RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation\u2014have emerged as critical modulators of key pathogenic mechanisms in DKD, including fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Numerous studies have identified specific miRNAs that either exacerbate or mitigate renal injury in DKD. Among them, miR-21, miR-192, miR-155, and miR-34a are associated with disease progression, while miR-126-3p, miR-29, miR-146a, and miR-215 demonstrate protective effects. These molecules are also detectable in plasma, urine, and renal tissue, making them attractive candidates for diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Advances in therapeutic technologies such as antagomiRs, mimics, locked nucleic acids, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems have opened new possibilities for targeting miRNAs in DKD. Additionally, conventional drugs, including SGLT2 inhibitors, metformin, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, as well as dietary compounds like polyphenols and sulforaphane, may exert nephroprotective effects by modulating miRNA expression. Recent evidence also highlights the role of gut microbiota in regulating miRNA activity, linking metabolic and immune pathways relevant to DKD progression. Further research is needed to define stage-specific miRNA signatures, improve delivery systems, and develop personalized therapeutic approaches. Modulation of miRNA expression represents a promising strategy to slow DKD progression and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1752241459000},"page":"6662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["What a Modern Physician Should Know About microRNAs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2243-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Rodzo\u0144-Norwicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology with Nuclear Medicine Laboratory and Dialysis Center, State Hospital 2 in Rzesz\u00f3w, Lwowska Street 60, 35-301 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patryk","family":"Kogut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sowa-Ku\u0107ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6617-0852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gala-B\u0142\u0105dzi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology with Nuclear Medicine Laboratory and Dialysis Center, State Hospital 2 in Rzesz\u00f3w, Lwowska Street 60, 35-301 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, Al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0256-y","article-title":"The tubular hypothesis of nephron filtration and diabetic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Vallon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group (2022). 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