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However, HIV still significantly affects the central nervous system (CNS) in infected individuals, even with effective plasma viral suppression, due to persistent viral reservoirs and chronic neuroinflammation. This ongoing inflammation contributes to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs), including dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology. These complications are particularly prevalent among the aging population with HIV. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of HAND, with a focus on the contribution of oxidative stress induced by HIV-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through viral proteins such as gp120, Tat, Nef, Vpr, and reverse transcriptase. In addition, we discuss current and emerging therapeutic interventions targeting HAND, including antioxidant strategies and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. These are potential adjunctive approaches to mitigate neuroinflammation and oxidative damage in the CNS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T09:45:52Z","timestamp":1752572752000},"page":"6724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Oxidative Stress in HIV-Associated Neurodegeneration: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sophia","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Hotchkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Hillmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeve","family":"Engelbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Diggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasset","family":"Tibebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, American University, Washington, DC 20016, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovanetti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Parolin, C., and Borsetti, A. 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