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The goal of this review is to present a thorough examination of the most recent developments in the study of sarcopenia, including the development of its pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, and multimodal intervention strategies. Particular attention is given to the role of declining sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, as key drivers of anabolic resistance and muscle loss during aging. The review also addresses the current opportunities and challenges in translating basic research into effective clinical applications. Key focus areas include protein metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and neuromuscular junction degeneration. Finally, it outlines future directions for precision classification, early detection, and personalized treatment, aiming to support interdisciplinary collaboration and shift sarcopenia management from reactive care to proactive, targeted intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T09:45:52Z","timestamp":1752572752000},"page":"6740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sarcopenia: Current Insights into Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Emerging Interventional Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Siying","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8319-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4851-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaokang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical Research Center for Plateau Gastroenterological Disease of Xizang Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5969-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiju","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.04.019","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease","volume":"17","author":"Campos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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