{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:52:50Z","timestamp":1784771570268,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education and Science of Poland","award":["SKN\/SP\/601373\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKN\/SP\/601373\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive and therapy-resistant glioma subtype, remains an urgent clinical challenge due to its invasive nature, molecular heterogeneity, and the protective constraints of the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB). Liposomes and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as two of the most promising nanocarrier systems capable of overcoming these limitations through improved drug delivery and cellular targeting. Their applications in glioma therapy span chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy, each presenting distinct advantages and mechanisms of action. Liposomes offer structural flexibility, controlled release, and a well-established clinical framework, while EVs provide innate biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the ability to mimic natural intercellular communication. Both systems demonstrate the capacity to traverse the BBB and selectively accumulate in tumor tissue, yet they differ in scalability, cargo loading efficiency, and translational readiness. Comparative evaluation of their functions across therapeutic modalities reveals complementary strengths that may be leveraged in the development of more effective, targeted strategies for glioma treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1752591665000},"page":"6775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Liposomes and Extracellular Vesicles as Distinct Paths Toward Precision Glioma Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Fraczek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Szmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphologic Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2914-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Kregielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5359-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Grodzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac202","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015\u20132019","volume":"24","author":"Ostrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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