{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:38:01Z","timestamp":1791221881424,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current treatment strategies for partial tendon tears often lack the capacity to promote true tissue regeneration and improve long-term clinical outcomes. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment of a partial defect in the rabbit common calcaneus tendon (CCT) with uncultured, unmodified, autologous, adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs) enables regenerative healing without scar formation. A full-thickness, 3 mm defect was produced in the midsubstance of the right gastrocnemius tendon, a component of the CCT, in adult female New Zealand white rabbits. Animals received either an injection of 28.3 \u00d7 106 UA-ADRCs in 0.5 mL Ringer\u2019s lactated solution (RLS) or saline, or RLS or saline alone as sham treatment. Tendons were analyzed 4 or 12 weeks post-treatment using histology, immunohistochemistry and non-destructive biomechanical testing. UA-ADRC-treated tendons showed newly formed connective tissue consistent with tendon regeneration, whereas sham-treated tendons developed scar tissue. Biomechanical testing showed significantly higher percent relaxation in UA-ADRC-treated tendons compared to sham controls (p &lt; 0.05), indicating greater viscoelasticity characteristic of healthy or well-integrated tissue. Together, these findings suggest that UA-ADRC therapy may provide a regenerative, structure-modifying treatment for partial tendon tears.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T08:24:17Z","timestamp":1752654257000},"page":"6800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Regeneration of Biomechanically Functional Tendon Tissue Following Injection of Uncultured, Autologous, Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells into Partial Achilles Tendon Defects in Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"IsarKlinikum, 80331 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"InGeneron Inc., Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9353-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Wuerfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Sports Orthopaedics, Technical University of Munich, 81677 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3859-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Milz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80331 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Dinzey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InGeneron Inc., Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InGeneron Inc., Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-4777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie J.","family":"Sikes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8791-0239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey H.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Easley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly L.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Puttlitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Gadomski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-6565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Labus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4DG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eckhard U.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IsarKlinikum, 80331 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"InGeneron Inc., Houston, TX 77054, USA"},{"name":"Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01631-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of treating symptomatic, partial-thickness rotator cuff tears with fresh, uncultured, unmodified, autologous adipose-derived regenerative cells (UA-ADRCs) isolated at the point of care: A prospective, randomized, controlled first-in-human pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Hurd","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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