{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:38:07Z","timestamp":1791581887771,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honey, propolis or royal jelly are considered natural remedies with therapeutic properties since antiquity. Many papers explore the development of antimicrobial biomaterials based on individual bee products, but there is a lack of studies on their synergistic effects. Combining honey, propolis and royal jelly with silver nanoparticles in a biopolymer matrix offers a synergistic strategy to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. This approach supports progress in wound healing, soft tissue engineering and other domains where elimination of the microorganisms is needed like food packaging. In this study we have obtained antimicrobial films based on bee products and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated in an alginate\u2013chitosan blend. The novel biomaterials were analyzed by UV-Vis, fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy or microscopy, SEM and thermal analysis. Antibacterial tests were conducted against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while the antifungal properties were tested against Candida albicans. The diameters for growth inhibition zones were up to 10 mm for bacterial strains and 8 mm for the fungal strain. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of the materials, the results indicating that the combination of honey, propolis, royal jelly and AgNPs does not produce synergistic toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T10:46:05Z","timestamp":1752662765000},"page":"6809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Antimicrobial Composite Films Based on Alginate\u2013Chitosan with Honey, Propolis, Royal Jelly and Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Corina Dana","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia-Ioana","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3197-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela Andreea","family":"Neacsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3371-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Motelica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Materials, Products and Processes, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu Cristian","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4345-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ripszky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Research and Development, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silviu Mirel","family":"Pi\u021buru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Research and Development, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Organization, Professional Legislation and Management of the Dental Office, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 17-23 Plevnei Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7073-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Voicu B\u0103la\u0219ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Dental Research and Development, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Marinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2226-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecaterina","family":"Andronescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Research Center for Micro and Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maeso, L., Antezana, P.E., Arana, A.G.H., Evelson, P.A., Orive, G., and Desimone, M.F. (2024). Progress in the Use of Hydrogels for Antioxidant Delivery in Skin Wounds. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16040524"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.01.009","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid, Manuka honey and Acemannan gel: Wound-specific applications for skin lesions","volume":"129","author":"Iacopetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oprica, G.M., Panaitescu, D.M., Lixandru, B.E., Usurelu, C.D., Gabor, A.R., Nicolae, C.A., Fierascu, R.C., and Frone, A.N. (2023). Plant-Derived Nanocellulose with Antibacterial Activity for Wound Healing Dressing. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122672"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J.N., Azad, A., Sulaiman, W.M.A.W., Kumarasamy, V., Subramaniyan, V., and Alshehade, S.A. (2024). Alginate-Based Encapsulation Fabrication Technique for Drug Delivery: An Updated Review of Particle Type, Formulation Technique, Pharmaceutical Ingredient, and Targeted Delivery System. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030370"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122761","article-title":"\u201cBamboo-like\u201d strong and tough sodium alginate\/polyacrylate hydrogel fiber with directional controlled release for wound healing promotion","volume":"347","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duceac, I.A., Verestiuc, L., Dimitriu, C.D., Maier, V., and Coseri, S. (2020). Design and Preparation of New Multifunctional Hydrogels Based on Chitosan\/Acrylic Polymers for Drug Delivery and Wound Dressing Applications. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071473"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118824","article-title":"Skincare application of medicinal plant polysaccharides\u2014A review","volume":"277","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"45","article-title":"K-Carrageenan\/Sodium Alginate Interpenetrating Network Beads for the Incorporation of Ketoprofen as a Potential Drug Delivery System","volume":"85","author":"Stavarache","year":"2023","journal-title":"UPB Sci. Bull. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.112859","article-title":"Royal jelly-enriched alginate\/gelatin hydrogel film for effective treatment of chronic skin wounds","volume":"46","author":"Rizi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Oprea, O.C., Ficai, A., Ene, V.L., Vasile, B.S., Andronescu, E., and Holban, A.M. (2021). Antibacterial Biodegradable Films Based on Alginate with Silver Nanoparticles and Lemongrass Essential Oil-Innovative Packaging for Cheese. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092377"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alven, S., and Aderibigbe, B.A. (2020). Chitosan and Cellulose-Based Hydrogels for Wound Management. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249656"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golmohammadi, R., Peerayeh, S., Moghadam, T., and Hosseini, S. (2020). Synergistic Antibacterial Activity and Wound Healing Properties of Selenium-Chitosan-Mupirocin Nanohybrid System: An in Vivo Study on Rat Diabetic Staphylococcus aureus Wound Infection Model. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59510-5"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andjic, M., Bradic, J., Kocovic, A., Simic, M., Krstonosic, V., Capo, I., Jakovljevic, V., and Lazarevic, N. (2024). Immortelle Essential-Oil-Enriched Hydrogel for Diabetic Wound Repair: Development, Characterization, and In Vivo Efficacy Assessment. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101309"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rybka, M., Mazurek, \u0141., and Konop, M. (2022). Beneficial Effect of Wound Dressings Containing Silver and Silver Nanoparticles in Wound Healing-From Experimental Studies to Clinical Practice. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010069"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabira, O., Drisya, N., Ajaykumar, A.P., Mathew, A., Jayaraj, K.N., Binitha, V.S., Zeena, K.V., Roy, K.B., Janish, P.A., and Sheena, P. (2024). From Ficus recemosa Leaf Galls to Therapeutic Silver Nanoparticles: Antibacterial and Anticancer Applications. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16081025"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13128","article-title":"Recent advances in green synthesized nanoparticles for bactericidal and wound healing applications","volume":"9","author":"Nandhini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eid, N., Yosri, N., El-Seedi, H.R., Awad, H.M., and Emam, H.E. (2023). Ag@Sidr honey nanocomposite: Chemical profiles, antioxidant and microbicide procurator. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 51.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2023.102788"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvo, J., Sandoval, C., Schencke, C., Acevedo, F., and del Sol, M. (2023). Healing Effect of a Nano-Functionalized Medical-Grade Honey for the Treatment of Infected Wounds. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092187"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmm.2024.141007","article-title":"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Honeybees and Its Antibacterial Potential","volume":"14","author":"Ewunkem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orsolic, N., and Jembrek, M.J. (2024). Royal Jelly: Biological Action and Health Benefits. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116023"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15706","article-title":"Bioactive compounds in Apis mellifera monofloral honeys","volume":"86","author":"Viteri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinello, M., and Mutinelli, F. (2021). Antioxidant Activity in Bee Products: A Review. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010071"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarjani, K.M., Yehia, H.M., Badr, A.N., Ali, H.S., Al-Masoud, A.H., Alhaqbani, S.M., Alkhatib, S.A., and Rady, A.M. (2023). Anti-MRSA and Biological Activities of Propolis Concentrations Loaded to Chitosan Nanoemulsion for Pharmaceutics Applications. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102386"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-023-02789-x","article-title":"Applications of propolis-based materials in wound healing","volume":"316","author":"Salama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104514","article-title":"Active components and biological functions of royal jelly","volume":"82","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hatamleh, M.A.I., Alshaer, W., Hatmal, M.M., Lambuk, L., Ahmed, N., Mustafa, M.Z., Low, S.C., Jaafar, J., Ferji, K., and Six, J.L. (2022). Applications of Alginate-Based Nanomaterials in Enhancing the Therapeutic Effects of Bee Products. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.865833"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2024.152477","article-title":"Diversity of melliferous Flora (Apiaries) in Honey and microscopic authentication using LM and SEM Techniques","volume":"312","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Ficai, A., Trusca, R.D., Ilie, C.I., Oprea, O.C., and Andronescu, E. (2020). Innovative Antimicrobial Chitosan\/ZnO\/Ag NPs\/Citronella Essential Oil Nanocomposite\u2014Potential Coating for Grapes. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121801"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124768","article-title":"FTIR-ATR detection method for emerging C3-plants-derivated adulterants in honey: Beet, dates, and carob syrups","volume":"265","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/1539445X.2011.582914","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Umbelliferone","volume":"11","author":"Lacatusu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122229","article-title":"FTIR determination of the degree of molar substitution for hydroxypropyl chitosan","volume":"339","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100168","article-title":"Applications of infrared spectroscopy in polysaccharide structural analysis: Progress, challenge and perspective","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. X"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135996","article-title":"Rapid quantification of royal jelly quality by mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with backpropagation neural network","volume":"418","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116190","article-title":"Proximate composition, physico-chemical, techno-functional, amino acid profile, fatty acid profile, nutritional quality, antioxidant, anti-amylase and anti-lipase properties of bee bread, royal jelly, and bee propolis","volume":"200","author":"Hashemirad","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borah, R., Ninakanti, R., Bals, S., and Verbruggen, S.W. (2022). Plasmon resonance of gold and silver nanoparticle arrays in the Kretschmann (attenuated total reflectance) vs. direct incidence configuration. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20117-7"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15666","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0608628","article-title":"Maneuvering the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanostructures through shape-controlled synthesis","volume":"110","author":"Wiley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-023-11304-x","article-title":"Localize surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles using Mie theory","volume":"34","author":"Alzoubi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-020-01121-x","article-title":"Predicting the Size of Silver Nanoparticles from Their Optical Properties","volume":"15","author":"Amirjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Petrisor, G., Oprea, O.C., Trusca, R.D., Ficai, A., Andronescu, E., Hudita, A., and Holban, A.M. (2024). Antimicrobial Hydroxyethyl-Cellulose-Based Composite Films with Zinc Oxide and Mesoporous Silica Loaded with Cinnamon Essential Oil. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16091225"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Ficai, D., Oprea, O., Ficai, A., Trusca, R.D., Andronescu, E., and Holban, A.M. (2021). Biodegradable Alginate Films with ZnO Nanoparticles and Citronella Essential Oil\u2014A Novel Antimicrobial Structure. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071020"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1039\/b105159h","article-title":"Aggregation-induced emission of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.1c00311","article-title":"Through-Space Interactions in Clusteroluminescence","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.28420","article-title":"Nonconventional Macromolecular Luminogens with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics","volume":"55","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-013-4923-8","article-title":"Room temperature phosphorescence from natural products: Crystallization matters","volume":"56","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. China Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19455","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA05610A","article-title":"A fluorescent chitosan hydrogel detection platform for the sensitive and selective determination of trace mercury(II) in water","volume":"3","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b00123","article-title":"Clustering-Triggered Emission and Persistent Room Temperature Phosphorescence of Sodium Alginate","volume":"19","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12715","article-title":"Effect of deacetylation of chitosan on the physicochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties activities of chitosan-mannose derivatives","volume":"103","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9601","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c04391","article-title":"Immobilization of CdTe QDs on Glucose-Imprinted Alg-g-P(AA-co-VPBA) Nanocomposite for Optical Sensing of Glucose","volume":"41","author":"Bardajee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumitru, C.D., Neacsu, I.A., Oprea, O.C., Motelica, L., Voicu Balasea, B., Ilie, C.-I., Marinescu, F., Ripszky, A., Pituru, S.-M., and Andronescu, E. (2025). Biomaterials Based on Bee Products and Their Effectiveness in Soft Tissue Regeneration. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18122689"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chphi.2024.100758","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles and their promising antimicrobial effects","volume":"9","author":"Iwuji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Impact"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"09673911251320463","article-title":"Green silver nanoparticle-embedded chitosan-alginate hydrogel: A novel antibacterial approach for potential wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Aldakheel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oe, T., Dechojarassri, D., Kakinoki, S., Kawasaki, H., Furuike, T., and Tamura, H. (2023). Microwave-Assisted Incorporation of AgNP into Chitosan-Alginate Hydrogels for Antimicrobial Applications. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14040199"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obeidat, M., Haddad, M.A., and Ghnamat, S.A. (2024). Antimicrobial activities of seasonally collected bee products: Honey, propolis, royal jelly, venom, and mellitin. Braz. J. Biol., 84.","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.286731"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-021-00358-4","article-title":"Development, characterization and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles loaded chitosan-alginate sponges for biomedical application","volume":"36","author":"Yanovska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanti, G., Poondla, N., Manogaran, P., Teradal, N., S, V., Kaulgud, R., and Kurjogi, M. (2024). Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Chitosan\u2013Silver Nanoparticles: An In-Vitro Approach for Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091229"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2023-0109","article-title":"Cytotoxic and apoptotic effectiveness of Cypriot honeybee (Apis mellifera cypria) venom on various cancer cells","volume":"49","author":"Nalbantsoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038153","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1038153","article-title":"Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Toxic Activities of Propolis from Two Native Bees in Brazil: Scaptotrigona depilis and Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides","volume":"2017","author":"Bonamigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-007-0013-x","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00485-5","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the effects of Propolis in inflammation, oxidative stress and glycemic control in chronic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Pahlavani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurek-G\u00f3recka, A., G\u00f3recki, M., Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Balwierz, R., and Stojko, J. (2020). Bee Products in Dermatology and Skin Care. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030556"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuo, W., Wei, K., Zhang, X., Wang, D., Gong, H., Zhang, Y., and Wang, H. (2024). A Multifunctional Nanozyme Hydrogel with Antibacterial, Antioxidative, and Photo-Induced Nitric Oxide-Supplying Properties for Promoting Infected Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121624"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01615-8","article-title":"Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Cutaneous Inflammation","volume":"45","author":"Man","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103077","article-title":"Effect of Royal Gel addition to chitosan matrix for wound dress applications: Fabrication, characterization and artificial neural network analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhary, P., Tushir, S., Bala, M., Sharma, S., Sangha, M., Rani, H., Yewle, N., Kumar, P., Singla, D., and Chandran, D. (2023). Exploring the Potential of Bee-Derived Antioxidants for Maintaining Oral Hygiene and Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071452"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesmana, R., Zulhendri, F., Fearnley, J., Irsyam, I.A., Rasyid, R.P.H.N., Abidin, T., Abdulah, R., Suwantika, A., Paradkar, A., and Budiman, A.S. (2022). The Suitability of Propolis as a Bioactive Component of Biomaterials. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.930515"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zara, S., Fioravanti, G., Ciuffreda, A., Annicchiarico, C., Quaresima, R., and Mastrangelo, F. (2023). Evaluation of Human Gingival Fibroblasts (HGFs) Behavior on Innovative Laser Colored Titanium Surfaces. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134530"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemi, M., Turnbull, T., Sebastian, S., and Kempson, I. (2021). The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312827"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Froelich, A., Jakubowska, E., Wojty\u0142ko, M., Jadach, B., Gackowski, M., Gadzi\u0144ski, P., Napiera\u0142a, O., Ravliv, Y., and Osma\u0142ek, T. (2023). Alginate-Based Materials Loaded with Nanoparticles in Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041142"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2021). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Standard No. CLSI Supplemenent M100."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motelica, L., Vasile, B.-S., Ficai, A., Surdu, V.-A., Ficai, D., Oprea, O.C., Andronescu, E., Must\u0103\u021bea, G., Ungureanu, E.L., and Dobre, A.A. (2023). Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded with essential oils. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102470"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:30Z","timestamp":1760033430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26146809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146809","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}