{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:23:24Z","timestamp":1791509004944,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","award":["P3\u20130360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3\u20130360"]}]},{"name":"The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","award":["J3\u201350099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3\u201350099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diagnosing and prognosing immune-mediated airway diseases, like hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and sarcoidosis, is complicated due to their overlapping symptoms and the lack of definitive biomarkers. Hence, we wanted to compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokine and chemokine profiles from 92 patients with different immune-mediated and inflammatory airway diseases, namely, HP, sarcoidosis, non-allergic asthma, amiodarone lung, and EGPA. We also compared pulmonary function parameters, BAL\u2019s cellularity, and lymphocyte immunophenotypes. We found significant differences across all measured lung functions (VC, VC%, FEV1, FEV1%, and Tiff%) and in the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Furthermore, we showed significant differences in CD4, CD8, and CD4\/8 across all included ILDs and OLDs; however, no significant differences were found in CD3, CD19, NK, or NKT. We identified nine biomarkers (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, VEGF, angiogenin, C4a, RANTES, and MCP-1) that significantly differ in the BAL of patients with HP and sarcoidosis and showed that RANTES and IL-6 are associated with fibrotic outcome. We have demonstrated that interstitial and obstructive lung diseases differ in cytokine and cellular lung imprint, which may, in the future, enable the determination of the disease subtype and thus the identification of targets for the treatment of individuals or subgroups within diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T15:48:22Z","timestamp":1752680902000},"page":"6831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cytokine Profiles of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Patients with Interstitial Lung Diseases and Non-Allergic Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dana","family":"Greif Lenar\u010di\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8978-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urska","family":"Bidovec Stojkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Kristanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7261-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kopa\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateja Marc","family":"Malovrh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izidor","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Osolnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Koro\u0161ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0251ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and Detection of Sarcoidosis. 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