{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:40:26Z","timestamp":1788525626095,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is an opportunistic coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) known to cause urinary tract infections in humans and is increasingly recognized in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to provide an epidemiological characterization of S. saprophyticus strains and to identify potential virulence factors that may contribute to interspecies transmission. This research is particularly important, as companion animals represent an understudied reservoir of this microorganism, and their role in the spread of resistant pathogens remains insufficiently understood. A total of 61 S. saprophyticus strains isolated from humans, dogs, and cats were analyzed. Identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed by PCR targeting the hrcA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods, while resistance genes were detected by PCR. The blaZ and mecA genes were present in all strains; additionally, the majority harbored the resistance genes ermA, ermB, tetM, and tetK. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 21\/61 strains (34.4%). Biofilm-forming capacity was temperature-dependent, with the strongest biofilm production observed at 37 \u00b0C (70.5%). At 38 \u00b0C and 39 \u00b0C, the proportion of strong biofilm producers decreased to 50.8% and 52.5%, respectively. All tested strains demonstrated pathogenic potential in the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model, with the highest mortality recorded for selected feline and canine strains. These findings indicate that S. saprophyticus strains from both humans and companion animals possess notable virulence and multidrug resistance. The detection of genotypically and phenotypically resistant strains in animals highlights their potential role as reservoir for zoonotic transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1752761623000},"page":"6885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus Isolated from Humans and Animals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4525-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Prorok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Bierowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5762-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Skrok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Karwa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Siedlecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5941-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Miszczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kapczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3884-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Rypu\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Division of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Sciences, 50-365 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00109-13","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"27","author":"Becker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"Gronkowce koagulazo-ujemne: Nowe zagro\u017cenie dla zdrowia publicznego?","volume":"89","author":"Podkowik","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u017bycie Weter."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.50.1.223","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Role as pathogens","volume":"50","author":"Huebner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.012","article-title":"Are coagulase-negative staphylococci virulent?","volume":"25","author":"Heilmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.2741\/1295","article-title":"Virulence factors of coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"9","author":"Otto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1086\/428353","article-title":"Who are you\u2014Staphylococcus saprophyticus?","volume":"40","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.11.2975-2979.1992","article-title":"Colonization of the female genital tract with Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"30","author":"Rupp","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"129","article-title":"Role of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in human infection","volume":"39","author":"Tyski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03340220031028","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in young adult women caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"250","author":"Latham","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.3.328","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus as a common cause of urinary tract infections","volume":"6","author":"Hovelius","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00144428","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infections: Epidemiological data from Western Australia","volume":"12","author":"Schneider","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.4.510","article-title":"Urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"142","author":"Jordan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510027200","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus causing native valve endocarditis","volume":"37","author":"Beteta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6","article-title":"Clinical impact of bacteremia due to Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"11","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2016.48.2.136","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteremia originating from urinary tract infections: A case report and literature review","volume":"48","author":"Hur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"415","article-title":"Urinary tract infections due to Staphylococcus saprophyticus biotype 3","volume":"124","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.1.215","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteremia","volume":"157","author":"Golledge","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01235-09","article-title":"Characterization of a novel murine model of Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary tract infection reveals roles for Ssp and SdrI in virulence","volume":"78","author":"Kline","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549309169670","article-title":"The origin of Staphylococcus saprophyticus from cattle and pigs","volume":"25","author":"Hedman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-4453(90)90554-L","article-title":"Staphylococcus saprophyticus found to be a common contaminant of food","volume":"21","author":"Hedman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"738","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from canine urinary tract infection","volume":"51","author":"Penna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.04.004","article-title":"Species distribution and properties of staphylococci from canine dermatitis","volume":"82","author":"Hauschild","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Mossakowski, P., and Lew-Kojrys, S. (2023). Nietypowy rodzaj kamieni moczowych u psa\u2014W\u0119glan apatytu. Mag. Wet., 11, Available online: https:\/\/magwet.pl\/39622,nietypowy-rodzaj-kamieni-moczowych-u-psa-weglan-apatytu?page=2&srsltid=AfmBOoqy7mINfe1_aG_E86b7c1SQb289iagQZ0h_GMph-lL_k7zILTPG."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e878","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.878","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus saprophyticus responsible for the death of two six-band-banded armadillos (Euphractus sexcinctus)","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miszczak, M., Korzeniowska-Kowal, A., Wzorek, A., Gamian, A., Rypu\u0142a, K., and Bierowiec, K. (2023). Colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species in healthy and sick pets: Prevalence and risk factors. BMC Vet. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03640-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.1.117","article-title":"Update on clinical significance of coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"7","author":"Kloos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2001.00053.x","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci as a cause of infections related to intravascular prosthetic devices: Limitations of present therapy","volume":"7","author":"Schulin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.075259-0","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream and prosthetic-device-associated infections: The role of biofilm formation and distribution of adhesion and toxin genes","volume":"63","author":"Giormezis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01908-13","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci in the United States 1999 to 2012","volume":"58","author":"May","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marincola, G., Liong, O., Schoen, C., Abouelfetouh, A., Hamdy, A., Wencker, F.D.R., Marciniak, T., Becker, K., K\u00f6ck, R., and Ziebuhr, W. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance profiles of coagulase-negative staphylococci in community-based healthy individuals in Germany. Front. Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.684456"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201200112","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci as reservoirs of genes facilitating MRSA infection","volume":"35","author":"Otto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.S., Lai, L.C., Chen, Y.A., Lin, K.Y., Chou, Y.H., Chen, H.C., Wang, S.S., Wang, J.T., and Chang, S.C. (2020). Colonization with multidrug-resistant organism among healthy adults in the community setting: Prevalence, risk factors, and composition of gut microbiome. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01402"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diop, M., Bassoum, O., Ndong, A., Wone, F., Tamouh, A.G., Ndoye, M., Youbong, T., Daff\u00e9, S.M.M., Radji, R.O., and Gueye, M.W. (2025). Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare and community settings in West Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10562-w"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800030120","article-title":"Diversity of plasmids in Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urinary tract infections in women","volume":"102","author":"Cristino","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00708-07","article-title":"Intrinsic novobiocin resistance in Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"51","author":"Vickers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.08.006","article-title":"Identification of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus by PCR based on the heat-shock repressor encoding hrcA gene","volume":"86","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2024). Method for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, CLSI. [10th ed.]. CLSI Document M07-Ed10."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2024). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Suseptibility Test for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, CLSI. [7th ed.]. CLSI Supplement VET01S."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2024). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, CLSI. [34th ed.]. CLSI Supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2024). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, EUCAST. Version 14.0."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increase in antimicrobial resistance and emergence of major international high-risk clonal lineages in dogs and cats with urinary tract infection: 16-year retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1270-6","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci: Update on the molecular epidemiology and clinical presentation, with a focus on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"31","author":"Monsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762004000800012","article-title":"Comparison of methods for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"99","author":"Cunha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.5.1322-1325.1993","article-title":"Evaluation of the Vitek System Gram-positive identification card for species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"31","author":"Kleeman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3069-6","article-title":"Using MALDI-TOF MS typing method to decipher outbreak: The case of Staphylococcus saprophyticus causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Marseille, France","volume":"36","author":"Mlaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00413-09","article-title":"Identification of a variety of Staphylococcus species by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization\u2013time of flight mass spectrometry","volume":"48","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00697\u201323","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00697-23","article-title":"Comparative genomics reveals the correlations of stress response genes and bacteriophages in developing antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youngblom, M.A., Imhoff, M.R., Smyth, L.M., Mohamed, M.A., and Pepperell, C.S. (2023). Portrait of a generalist bacterium: Pathoadaptation, metabolic specialization and extreme environments shape diversity of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.18.553882"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2703.200852","article-title":"Foodborne origin and local and global spread of Staphylococcus saprophyticus causing human urinary tract infections","volume":"27","author":"Lawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762013000100012","article-title":"Time-based distribution of Staphylococcus saprophyticus pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis clusters in community-acquired urinary tract infections","volume":"108","author":"Sousa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.61186\/mlj.17.2.33","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates causing urinary tract infections in Gorgan, North of Iran","volume":"17","author":"Rafiee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"75","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from clinical samples in Peshawar, Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sciencetech"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"e62771","article-title":"Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections: A Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"16","author":"Marepalli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"267","article-title":"Oxacillin resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus saprophyticus","volume":"48","author":"Ferreira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010204","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-015-0091-1","article-title":"Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates from fermented foods and clinical samples","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.07.006","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and its detection in Staphylococcus saprophyticus urinary isolates","volume":"55","author":"Chua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00168.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated between 1991 and 1996 from a German university hospital","volume":"5","author":"Schmitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, H., and Liu, J. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of staphylococci from clinical bovine mastitis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1190790"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.61186\/iem.9.2.117","article-title":"Monitoring and investigation of resistance genes gyrA, parC, blaZ, ermA, ermB and ermC in Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urinary tract infections in Mazandaran Province, Iran","volume":"9","author":"Amiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Epidemiol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Hu, X., Cai, S., Hu, N., Yuan, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Mi, J., and Liao, X. (2023). Pet cats may shape the antibiotic resistome of their owner\u2019s gut and living environment. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01679-8"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh332","article-title":"Pet animals are reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria: Review","volume":"54","author":"Guardabassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl418","article-title":"Fusidic acid resistance, mediated by fusB in bovine coagulase-negative staphylococci","volume":"58","author":"Yazdankhah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1086\/605495","article-title":"Mupirocin resistance","volume":"49","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S148","DOI":"10.1086\/519254","article-title":"Reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance in pet animals","volume":"45","author":"Lloyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.08.001","article-title":"Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and future chemotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq257","article-title":"Updated recommendations: International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu296","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISCAID guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"33","author":"Weese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163\u2013e43","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12118","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases)","volume":"25","author":"Hillier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.17724","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: Properties, regulation, and roles in human disease","volume":"2","author":"Archer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","article-title":"Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2007.03.004","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from blood cultures of septicemic patients in Turkey","volume":"164","author":"Koksal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr198","article-title":"Wax moth larva (Galleria mellonella): An in vivo model for assessing the efficacy of antistaphylococcal agents","volume":"66","author":"Desbois","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1203486","article-title":"Galleria mellonella as a model host for microbiological and toxin research","volume":"7","author":"Champion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bierowiec, K., Korzeniowska-Kowal, A., Wzorek, A., Rypu\u0142a, K., and Gamian, A. (2019). Prevalence of Staphylococcus species colonization in healthy and sick cats. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4360525"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14606","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA01229G","article-title":"The use of principle component analysis and MALDI-TOF MS for the differentiation of mineral forming Virgibacillus and Bacillus species isolated from sabkhas","volume":"10","author":"Samad","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"659","article-title":"Circulation and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among college students in Malaysia (cell phones as reservoir)","volume":"6","author":"Amini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Biomed."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"925","article-title":"Investigation of the genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Ullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2014.90","article-title":"VanA and VanB positive vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among clinical isolates in Shiraz, South Iran","volume":"29","author":"Saadat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020\u201319","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00020-19","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus harboring mecC still eludes us in East London, United Kingdom","volume":"57","author":"Ciesielczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04971.x","article-title":"Molecular basis of fusB-mediated resistance to fusidic acid in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"59","author":"Chopra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000471","article-title":"Function impairing mutations in blaZ and blaR genes of penicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis","volume":"155","author":"Tasara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"189","article-title":"Comparative in vitro activities of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus intermedius isolated from dogs","volume":"75","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-014-9615-0","article-title":"Identification of bap and icaA genes involved in biofilm formation in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from feline conjunctiva","volume":"38","author":"Bierowiec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6885\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:11:37Z","timestamp":1760033497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/14\/6885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26146885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}}}