{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:31:37Z","timestamp":1787614297543,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"},{"name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada"},{"name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Society of Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whether pattern or amount of daily activity determines neuromuscular properties is the focus of this review. The fast-to-slow conversion of many properties of fast-twitch muscles, by stimulating their nerves electrically with the continuous low-frequency pattern typical of slow motoneurons, argued that muscle properties are determined by their pattern of activity. However, the composition of the motor units (MUs) in almost all muscles is heterogeneous, with the MUs grouped into slow, fast-fatigue-resistant and fast-fatigable types that match corresponding histochemical fiber types. Nonetheless, their contractile forces lie on a continuum, with MUs recruited into activity in order of their size. This \u2018size principle\u2019 of MU organization and function applies in normally innervated and reinnervated muscles and, importantly, begs the question of whether it is the amount rather than the pattern of the MU activation that determines their properties. Experimental evidence that uniform daily amounts of ~&lt;0.5, 5%, and 50% ES, converted motoneuron, nerve, and muscle properties to one physiological and histochemical type, argued in favor of the amount of activity determining MU properties. Yet, that the properties were not confined to the expected narrow range argued that factors other than the pattern and\/or amount of neuromuscular activity must be considered. These include the progressive increase in the synaptic inputs onto motoneurons. The range of the effects of endurance and intermittent exercise programs on healthy subjects and those suffering nerve injuries and disease is also consistent with the argument that factors other than pattern or amount of neuromuscular activity should be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T15:15:54Z","timestamp":1752765354000},"page":"6891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neuromuscular Activity Determines, at Least in Part, the Motoneuron, Nerve and Muscle Properties Under Normal Conditions and After Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Tessa","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"De quelques faits relatifs a l\u2019histologie et \u00e0 la physiologie des muscles stri\u00e8s","volume":"6","author":"Ranvier","year":"1874","journal-title":"Arch. 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