{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:02:27Z","timestamp":1788465747267,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2023-00253240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00253240"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2022-00166626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00166626"]}]},{"name":"Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","award":["RS-2023-00253240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00253240"]}]},{"name":"Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine","award":["RS-2022-00166626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00166626"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition in which amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) plaques trigger oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation, causing memory loss. OS and neurodegeneration can also be caused by reactive astrocytes, thereby promoting AD via toxic metabolite accumulation in the astrocytic urea cycle. However, the effect of molecular hydrogen (H2) on this cycle remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether H2 treatment could reduce OS-induced neurodegeneration and memory loss. 5xFAD (n = 14) and wild-type (n = 15) mice were randomized into four groups and treated with either 3% hydrogen gas (H2) or vehicle for 60 days. Cognitive behaviors were evaluated using the Morris water maze and Y-maze tests. In addition, we used biochemical assays to measure ammonia and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in the hippocampi of the mice and A\u03b2O-treated primary mouse astrocytes. A\u03b2, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the expression of inflammatory markers were evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We observed that H2 treatment significantly prevented cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, the accumulation of toxic metabolites, and the increase in inflammatory markers in 5xFAD mice. These results suggest that H2 therapy can mitigate toxic metabolites in the astrocytic urea cycle, thereby reducing neurodegeneration and memory loss in AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T14:03:51Z","timestamp":1752847431000},"page":"6922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hydrogen Gas Attenuates Toxic Metabolites and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Signaling to Inhibit Neurodegeneration and Enhance Memory in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6680-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofian","family":"Abdul-Nasir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6584-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cat Tuong","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Organelle Medicine Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1424-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien Thuy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Organelle Medicine Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7228-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johny","family":"Bajgai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Habibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwon","family":"Hwang-Un","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOOTZ Co., Ltd., Yuljeongro, 247 beon-gil, Yangju-si 11457, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Soo","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GOOTZ Co., Ltd., Yuljeongro, 247 beon-gil, Yangju-si 11457, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9927-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheol-Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Am","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Organelle Medicine Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-8122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132814","article-title":"A Century of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"314","author":"Goedert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9208","article-title":"Dysfunction of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: On Defects in the Cytochrome c Oxidase Complex and Aldehyde Detoxification","volume":"9","author":"Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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