{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:01:14Z","timestamp":1793037674241,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["19K09761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K09761"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["22K16864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K16864"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["25K12642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K12642"]}]},{"name":"Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG) Ogyaa Donation Foundation","award":["19K09761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K09761"]}]},{"name":"Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG) Ogyaa Donation Foundation","award":["22K16864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K16864"]}]},{"name":"Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (JAOG) Ogyaa Donation Foundation","award":["25K12642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K12642"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood obesity is a substantial health problem worldwide. The origin of obesity (increased adiposity) can be partly traced back to intrauterine life. However, the determinants of fetal fat deposition remain unclear. This study investigated the association between cord blood adipocytokines related to lipid metabolism (leptin, adiponectin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1]) and fetal adiposity during gestation. A prospective study was conducted in a cohort of 94 singleton pregnancies. Fetal ultrasonography was performed at 24, 30, and 36 weeks of gestation. Estimated fetal adiposity (EFA) was calculated by integrating measurements of cross-sectional arm and thigh fat area percentages and anterior abdominal wall thickness. Plasma cytokine levels and C-peptide immunoreactivity (as a proxy for fetal insulin resistance) were evaluated in cord blood samples obtained at delivery. The associations of cord blood leptin, adiponectin and IGF-1 levels with EFA at 24, 30, and 36 weeks were determined by multiple linear regression, adjusted for potential covariates. The multivariate analyses indicated that leptin was significantly correlated with EFA at 30 and 36 weeks. Leptin was also positively correlated with C-peptide immunoreactivity in the umbilical cord. Cord adiponectin levels were not associated with EFA across gestation. Cord IGF-1 levels were significantly correlated with EFA and estimated fetal body weight (EFW) at 36 weeks. In conclusion, cord leptin was associated with EFA at 30 and 36 weeks, and IGF-1 was associated with EFA at 36 and EFW at 36 weeks. In Conclusion, cord leptin was associated with EFA at 30 and 36 weeks, and IGF-1 was associated with EFA and EFW at 36 weeks. Considering the effects of leptin and IGF-1 on fetal insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, increased levels of leptin and IGF-1 are potential plasma biomarkers of increased fetal adiposity, which may predispose to infant obesity and metabolic dysfunction in later life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T14:03:51Z","timestamp":1752847431000},"page":"6926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of Cord Blood Metabolic Biomarkers (Leptin, Adiponectin, IGF-1) with Fetal Adiposity Across Gestation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8974-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junko","family":"Tamai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Ikenoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Akita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keita","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshimitsu","family":"Otani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Fukutake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-9591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Kasuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56013-7","article-title":"Multi-omics architecture of childhood obesity and metabolic dysfunction uncovers biological pathways and prenatal determinants","volume":"16","author":"Stratakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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