{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:50:23Z","timestamp":1788184223077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Hematology Association Scientific Working Group grant"},{"name":"Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action CA18233"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-remitting neutropenia in children and chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) in adults have been described previously as peculiar subgroups of neutropenic patients carrying similar clinical and immunological features. The present collection comprising 25 subjects (16 adults and 9 children) mostly affected with mild (84%) and moderate (16%) neutropenia aimed to identify the underlying (possibly common) genetic background. The phenotype of these patients resemble the one described previously: no severe infections, presence of rheumathological signs, leukopenia in almost all patients and lymphocytopenia in one-third of the cohort. The pediatric patients did not share common genes with the adults, based on the results of the multisample test, while some singular variants in neutropenia potentially associated with immune dysregulation likely consistent with the phenotype were found. SPINK5, RELA and CARD11 were retrieved and seem to be consistent with the clinical picture characterized by neutropenia associated to immune dysregulation. The enrichment and burden tests performed in comparison with a control group underline that the products of expression by the variants involved belong to the autoimmunity and immune regulation pathways (i.e., SPINK5, PTPN22 and PSMB9). Even with the limitation of this study\u2019s low number of patients, these results may suggest that non-remitting neutropenia and CIN in adults deserve deep genetic study and enlarged consideration in comparison with classical neutropenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T14:38:36Z","timestamp":1752849516000},"page":"6929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Landscape of Non-Remitting Neutropenia in Children and Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4570-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Grossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigorios","family":"Tsaknakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Rosamilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Bioinformatics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3109-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rusmini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Bioinformatics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Uva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Bioinformatics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Ceccherini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics of Rare Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carla","family":"Giarratana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Vozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Facility, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Mavroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Dufour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5146-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen A.","family":"Papadaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fioredda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e872","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000872","article-title":"The European Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Neutropenia in Adults and Children: A Consensus Between the European Hematology Association and the EuNet-INNOCHRON COST Action","volume":"7","author":"Fioredda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27221","article-title":"Late-onset and long-lasting neutropenias in the young: A new entity anticipating immune-dysregulation disorders","volume":"99","author":"Fioredda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. 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