{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:39:32Z","timestamp":1790998772621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SGLT2 inhibitors have become increasingly used due to their effectiveness in improving not only type 2 diabetes but also cardiovascular, renal and hepatic diseases, as well as the obesity found in metabolic syndrome. Starting from the structure of gliflozins, modifications of the carbohydrate part, aglycone, and also the glycosidic bond between them can determine variations in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. SGLT2 inhibitors, in addition to reducing blood glucose levels, improve alterations in lipid metabolism by diverting excessively accumulated lipids in tissues towards mobilization, lipolysis, \u03b2-oxidation, ketogenesis and the utilization of ketone bodies. This enhances anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing the levels of some proinflammatory mediators and by modulating some cell signaling pathways. Thus, in this review, the intimate mechanisms by which SGLT2 inhibitors achieve these therapeutic effects in the various conditions belonging to metabolic syndrome and beyond were described, along with the structure\u2013effect relationship with some specific features of each gliflozin. Starting from these findings, further modeling of these molecules may lead to the creation of new therapeutic uses. Further research is needed to broaden the range of indications and also eliminate adverse effects, such as phenomena leading to lower limb amputations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"6937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["SGLT2 Inhibitors: From Structure\u2013Effect Relationship to Pharmacological Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Teodora","family":"Mateoc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei-Luca","family":"Dumitrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit Department, \u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d County Emergency Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu Blvd. 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Flangea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Puscasiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANAPATMOL Research Center, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daliborca-Cristina","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00824-9","article-title":"An update on chronic complications of diabetes mellitus: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies with a focus on metabolic memory","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. 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